The Respiratory System

Question 1

functions in gas exchange as described in the introductory paragraph. But other functions that may not be as obvious to you are speech and immune protection.

Answer 1

respiratory system

Question 2

(the tubes of the respiratory tract through air travels)

Answer 2

conduction portion

Question 3

(the sites of gas exchange between the respiratory system and the blood)

Answer 3

respiratory portion

Question 3

provides a route for incoming and outgoing air, but it also plays a role in removing debris and pathogens from the incoming air, as well as warming and humidifying the air as it travels through.

Answer 3

conducting zone

Question 4

consisting of the structures in the head and neck,

Answer 4

upper respiratory tract

Question 5

consisting of structures in the thorax

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lower respiratory tract

Question 5

is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows.

Answer 5

root

Question 6

serves as the major entrance and exit for the
respiratory system.

Answer 6

Nose

Question 6

is the part of the nose that connects the root to the rest of the nose.

Answer 6

bridge

Question 7

is the length of the nose.

Answer 7

dorsum nasi

Question 8

is the tip of the nose.

Answer 8

apex

Question 8

is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris

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alae or ala

Question 9

is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip

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philtrum

Question 10

nostril opening

Answer 10

naris

Question 11

is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose.

Answer 11

nasal bone

Question 12

is formed anteriorly by a portion of the septal cartilage (the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers) and posteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (a cranial bone located just posterior to the nasal bones) and the thin vomer bones.

Answer 12

nasal septum

Question 12

consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds each naris

Answer 12

alar cartilage

Question 13

also conserve water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation.

Answer 13

conchae and meatuses

Question 14

at the anterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of bone.

Answer 14

hard palate

Question 15

at the posterior portion of the nasal
cavity consists of muscle tissue.

Answer 15

soft palate

Question 15

Several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity have air-containing spaces called the ______________, which serve to warm and humidify incoming air.

Answer 15

paranasal sinuses

Question 16

The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by _______________ composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 16

respiratory epithelium

Question 16

Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called

Answer 16

defensins

Question 17

is essentially a tube formed by skeletal muscle
and lined by mucous membrane. Hhas three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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Pharynx

Question 17

structured with the expectation that only air will pass through it; this space is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

Answer 17

nasopharynx

Question 18

is a passageway for both air and food because it is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity. Contains two distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils.

Answer 18

oropharynx

Question 18

- is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx. - Function is pathogen destruction and in establishing and maintaining tolerance to the foods we eat.

Answer 18

pharyngeal tonsil

Question 18

are located laterally in the oropharynx

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palatine tonsils

Question 19

located at the base of the tongue.

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lingual tonsils

Question 20

is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge.

Answer 20

laryngopharynx

Question 21

is a cartilaginous structure that serves as the entrance to the lower respiratory tract. Helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

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Larynx

Question 22

is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx.

Answer 22

Thyroid cartilage

Question 23

which can be visible in some individuals.

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laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,”

Question 23

attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that can close like a lid to cover the opening of the trachea or open to allow air to pass.

Answer 23

epiglottis

Question 24

forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region. Three smaller, paired cartilages— the arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiforms

Answer 24

cricoid cartilage

Question 24

is the space beneath the epiglottis and the soft tissue folds that border it

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Glottis

Question 25

are a pair of folded sections of mucous mem branes. These folds are one of the most highly innervated and sensitive places in the human body.

Answer 25

vestibular folds

Question 26

are white, membranous folds attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.

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vocal folds (vocal cords)

Question 27

providing a passage way for air into the thorax and formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue.

Answer 27

Trachea

Question 28

, a flexible muscle that contracts during coughing to narrow the trachea, facilitating the air movement to become more rapid and forceful.

Answer 28

trachealis muscle

Question 28

At about the level of the sternal angle the trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi

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Bronchial Tree

Question 29

Smaller vessels branching from the smallest bronchi are called __________.

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bronchioles

Question 30

the smallest type of bronchiole which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.

Answer 30

respiratory bronchiole

Question 30

is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli.

Answer 30

alveolar duct

Question 31

is a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange.

Answer 31

alveolar sac

Question 31

is one of the many small, grapelike structures that are attached to the alveolar ducts.

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alveolus

Question 31

which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung

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alveolar pores

Question 32

houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior surface, the lungs are bordered by the diaphragm.

Answer 32

lung

Question 33

is an indentation on the surface of the left lung surrounding the space that the heart occupies

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cardiac notch

Question 33

of each the lung is the superior point that is found beneath each clavicle, while the base is the flattened bottom of each lung that rests on the diaphragm.

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apex

Question 34

is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm.

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parietal pleura

Question 34

is a serous membrane that surrounds each lung.

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pleura

Question 35

is the layer that directly touches the surface of the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures

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visceral pleura

Question 36

is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces.

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Pleural fluid

Question 37

The right lung consists of three lobes.

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superior lobe middle lobe horizontal fissure

Question 38

separated from the inferior lobe by the oblique fissure

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middle lobe

Question 38

The left lung consists of only two lobes

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the superior lobe and the inferior lobe

Question 38

The left lung consists of only two lobes, the superior lobe and the inferior lobe, which are separated by an

Answer 38

oblique fissure.

Question 38

Deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs in the left and right ________________, which are the two branches of the pulmonary trunk.

Answer 38

pulmonary arteries

Question 39

When atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will flow down its pressure gradient from outside toward the lower pressure alveoli—

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inhalation

Question 40

is the difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures, and it determines the size of the lungs.

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Transpulmonary pressure

Question 40

is the pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing

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Intrapulmonary pressure

Question 40

is the bell-shaped skeletal muscle at the bottom of the thorax, separating the thorax from the abdomen.

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diaphragm

Question 40

is the amount of force that is exerted by gasses in the air.

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Atmospheric pressure

Question 40

When atmospheric pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will still flow down its pressure gradient, but this time from inside the lungs to the lower pressure atmosphere—

Answer 40

exhalation

Question 41

is the term used for various volumes of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point in the respiratory cycle.

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Respiratory volume

Question 41

There are four major types of respiratory volumes:

Answer 41

tidal, residual, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve

Question 41

is the amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing.

Answer 41

Tidal volume (TV)

Question 41

is the amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration, typically about twice the TV volume.

Answer 41

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Question 42

is produced by a deep inhalation, past a tidal inspiration. This is the extra volume that can be brought into the lungs during a forced inspiration.

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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Question 42

is the air left in the lungs if you exhale as much air as possible.

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Residual volume (RV)

Question 43

is the amount of air a person can move into or out of their lungs; it is the sum of all of the volumes except RV (TV, ERV, and IRV).

Answer 43

Vital capacity (VC)

Question 43

is the amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of ERV and RV

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functional residual capacity (FRC)

Question 43

is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of the TV and IRV.

Answer 43

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Question 43

is the pressure of a single type of gas in a mixture of gasses.

Answer 43

Partial pressure (Px)

Question 44

involved in deep breathing

Answer 44

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Question 44

maintains a constant breathing rhythm.

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dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Question 45

is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies that stimulate neurons in the DRG, controlling the depth of inspiration, particularly for deep breathing

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apneustic center

Question 45

is a network of neurons that inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG, allowing relaxation after inspiration.

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pneumotaxic center

Question 45

is one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain and brainstem,

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central chemoreceptor

Question 45

is one of the specialized receptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch.

Answer 45

peripheral chemoreceptor

Question 45

occurs when we do not breath frequently enough to sufficiently maintain blood gas homeostasis.

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Hypoventilation

Question 45

is the opposite; a person hyperventilating is breathing too fast for ideal blood gas homeostasis, and therefore expelling more CO2 than is ideal.

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Hyperventilation

Question 45

or true breathing, is the depth of breath that is typical of a resting individual.

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Eupnea

Question 45

describes breathing that is deeper and more frequent than that of a typical resting individual.

Answer 45

Hyperpnea

Question 46

describes a spontaneous absence in breathing.

Answer 46

Apnea