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ANAPHY FINAL > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

functions in gas exchange as described in the introductory paragraph. But other functions that may not be as obvious to you are speech and immune protection.

A

respiratory system

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2
Q

(the tubes of the respiratory tract through air travels)

A

conduction portion

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3
Q

(the sites of gas exchange between the respiratory system and the blood)

A

respiratory portion

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3
Q

provides a route for incoming and outgoing air, but it also plays a role in removing debris and pathogens from the incoming air, as well as warming and humidifying the air as it travels through.

A

conducting zone

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4
Q

consisting of the structures in the head and neck,

A

upper respiratory tract

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5
Q

consisting of structures in the thorax

A

lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows.

A

root

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6
Q

serves as the major entrance and exit for the
respiratory system.

A

Nose

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6
Q

is the part of the nose that connects the root to the rest of the nose.

A

bridge

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7
Q

is the length of the nose.

A

dorsum nasi

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8
Q

is the tip of the nose.

A

apex

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8
Q

is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris

A

alae or ala

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9
Q

is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip

A

philtrum

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10
Q

nostril opening

A

naris

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11
Q

is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose.

A

nasal bone

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12
Q

is formed anteriorly by a portion of the septal cartilage (the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers) and posteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (a cranial bone located just posterior to the nasal bones) and the thin vomer bones.

A

nasal septum

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12
Q

consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds each naris

A

alar cartilage

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13
Q

also conserve water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation.

A

conchae and meatuses

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14
Q

at the anterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of bone.

A

hard palate

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15
Q

at the posterior portion of the nasal
cavity consists of muscle tissue.

A

soft palate

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15
Q

Several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity have air-containing spaces called the ______________, which serve to warm and humidify incoming air.

A

paranasal sinuses

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16
Q

The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by _______________ composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium

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16
Q

Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called

A

defensins

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17
Q

is essentially a tube formed by skeletal muscle
and lined by mucous membrane. Hhas three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

A

Pharynx

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17
Q

structured with the expectation that only air will pass through it; this space is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

A

nasopharynx

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18
Q

is a passageway for both air and food because it is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity. Contains two distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils.

A

oropharynx

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18
Q
  • is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue
    similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx.
  • Function is pathogen destruction and in establishing and maintaining tolerance to the foods we eat.
A

pharyngeal tonsil

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18
Q

are located laterally in the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsils

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19
Q

located at the base of the tongue.

A

lingual tonsils

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20
Q

is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge.

A

laryngopharynx

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21
Q

is a cartilaginous structure that serves as the entrance to the lower respiratory tract. Helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs

A

Larynx

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22
Q

is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx.

A

Thyroid cartilage

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23
Q

which can be visible in some individuals.

A

laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,”

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23
Q

attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that can close like a lid to cover the opening of the trachea or open to allow air to pass.

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region. Three smaller, paired cartilages— the arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiforms

A

cricoid cartilage

24
Q

is the space beneath the epiglottis and the soft tissue folds that border it

A

Glottis

25
Q

are a pair of folded sections of mucous mem
branes. These folds are one of the most highly innervated and sensitive places in the human body.

A

vestibular folds

26
Q

are white, membranous folds attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.

A

vocal folds (vocal cords)

27
Q

providing a passage way for air into the thorax and formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue.

A

Trachea

28
Q

, a flexible muscle that contracts during coughing to narrow the trachea, facilitating the air movement to become more rapid and forceful.

A

trachealis muscle

28
Q

At about the level of the sternal angle the trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi

A

Bronchial Tree

29
Q

Smaller vessels branching from the smallest bronchi are called __________.

A

bronchioles

30
Q

the smallest type of bronchiole which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.

A

respiratory bronchiole

30
Q

is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli.

A

alveolar duct

31
Q

is a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange.

A

alveolar sac

31
Q

is one of the many small, grapelike
structures that are attached to the alveolar ducts.

A

alveolus

31
Q

which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung

A

alveolar pores

32
Q

houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior surface, the lungs are bordered by the
diaphragm.

A

lung

33
Q

is an indentation on the surface of the left lung surrounding the space that the heart occupies

A

cardiac notch

33
Q

of each the lung is the superior point that is found beneath each clavicle, while the base is the flattened bottom of each lung that rests on the diaphragm.

A

apex

34
Q

is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm.

A

parietal pleura

34
Q

is a serous membrane that surrounds each lung.

A

pleura

35
Q

is the layer that directly touches the surface of the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures

A

visceral pleura

36
Q

is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces.

A

Pleural fluid

37
Q

The right lung consists of three lobes.

A

superior lobe
middle lobe
horizontal fissure

38
Q

separated from the inferior lobe by the oblique fissure

A

middle lobe

38
Q

The left lung consists of only two lobes

A

the superior lobe and the inferior lobe

38
Q

The left lung consists of only two lobes, the superior lobe and the inferior lobe, which are separated by an

A

oblique fissure.

38
Q

Deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs in the left and right ________________, which are the two branches of the pulmonary trunk.

A

pulmonary arteries

39
Q

When atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will flow down its pressure gradient from outside toward the lower pressure alveoli—

A

inhalation

40
Q

is the difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures, and it determines the size of the lungs.

A

Transpulmonary pressure

40
Q

is the pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

40
Q

is the bell-shaped skeletal muscle at the bottom of the thorax, separating the thorax from the abdomen.

A

diaphragm

40
Q

is the amount of force that is exerted by gasses in the air.

A

Atmospheric pressure

40
Q

When atmospheric pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will still flow down its pressure gradient, but this time from inside the lungs to the lower pressure atmosphere—

A

exhalation

41
Q

is the term used for various volumes of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point in the respiratory cycle.

A

Respiratory volume

41
Q

There are four major types of respiratory volumes:

A

tidal, residual, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve

41
Q

is the amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing.

A

Tidal volume (TV)

41
Q

is the amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration, typically about twice the TV volume.

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

42
Q

is produced by a deep inhalation, past a
tidal inspiration. This is the extra volume that can be brought into the lungs during a forced inspiration.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

42
Q

is the air left in the lungs if you exhale
as much air as possible.

A

Residual volume (RV)

43
Q

is the amount of air a person can move into or out of their lungs; it is the sum of all of the volumes except RV (TV, ERV, and IRV).

A

Vital capacity (VC)

43
Q

is the amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of ERV and RV

A

functional residual capacity (FRC)

43
Q

is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of the TV and IRV.

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

43
Q

is the pressure of a single type of gas in a mixture of gasses.

A

Partial pressure (Px)

44
Q

involved in deep breathing

A

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

44
Q

maintains a constant breathing rhythm.

A

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

45
Q

is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies that stimulate neurons in the DRG, controlling the depth of inspiration, particularly for deep breathing

A

apneustic center

45
Q

is a network of neurons that inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG, allowing relaxation after inspiration.

A

pneumotaxic center

45
Q

is one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain and brainstem,

A

central chemoreceptor

45
Q

is one of the specialized receptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch.

A

peripheral chemoreceptor

45
Q

occurs when we do not breath frequently enough to sufficiently maintain
blood gas homeostasis.

A

Hypoventilation

45
Q

is the opposite; a person hyperventilating is breathing too fast for ideal blood gas homeostasis, and therefore expelling more CO2 than is ideal.

A

Hyperventilation

45
Q

or true breathing, is the depth of breath that is typical of a resting individual.

A

Eupnea

45
Q

describes breathing that is deeper and more frequent than that of a typical resting individual.

A

Hyperpnea

46
Q

describes a spontaneous absence in breathing.

A

Apnea

ANAPHY FINAL (4 decks)

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