The Respiratory System Flashcards
functions in gas exchange as described in the introductory paragraph. But other functions that may not be as obvious to you are speech and immune protection.
respiratory system
(the tubes of the respiratory tract through air travels)
conduction portion
(the sites of gas exchange between the respiratory system and the blood)
respiratory portion
provides a route for incoming and outgoing air, but it also plays a role in removing debris and pathogens from the incoming air, as well as warming and humidifying the air as it travels through.
conducting zone
consisting of the structures in the head and neck,
upper respiratory tract
consisting of structures in the thorax
lower respiratory tract
is the region of the nose located between the eyebrows.
root
serves as the major entrance and exit for the
respiratory system.
Nose
is the part of the nose that connects the root to the rest of the nose.
bridge
is the length of the nose.
dorsum nasi
is the tip of the nose.
apex
is a cartilaginous structure that forms the lateral side of each naris
alae or ala
is the concave surface that connects the apex of the nose to the upper lip
philtrum
nostril opening
naris
is one of a pair of bones that lies under the root and bridge of the nose.
nasal bone
is formed anteriorly by a portion of the septal cartilage (the flexible portion you can touch with your fingers) and posteriorly by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (a cranial bone located just posterior to the nasal bones) and the thin vomer bones.
nasal septum
consists of the apex of the nose; it surrounds each naris
alar cartilage
also conserve water and prevent dehydration of the nasal epithelium by trapping water during exhalation.
conchae and meatuses
at the anterior region of the nasal cavity is composed of bone.
hard palate
at the posterior portion of the nasal
cavity consists of muscle tissue.
soft palate
Several bones that help form the walls of the nasal cavity have air-containing spaces called the ______________, which serve to warm and humidify incoming air.
paranasal sinuses
The conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by _______________ composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
respiratory epithelium
Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozyme enzyme and proteins called
defensins
is essentially a tube formed by skeletal muscle
and lined by mucous membrane. Hhas three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Pharynx
structured with the expectation that only air will pass through it; this space is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
nasopharynx
is a passageway for both air and food because it is bordered superiorly by the nasopharynx and anteriorly by the oral cavity. Contains two distinct sets of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils.
oropharynx
- is an aggregate of lymphoid reticular tissue
similar to a lymph node that lies at the superior portion of the nasopharynx. - Function is pathogen destruction and in establishing and maintaining tolerance to the foods we eat.
pharyngeal tonsil
are located laterally in the oropharynx
palatine tonsils
located at the base of the tongue.
lingual tonsils
is inferior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge.
laryngopharynx
is a cartilaginous structure that serves as the entrance to the lower respiratory tract. Helps regulate the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs
Larynx
is the largest piece of cartilage that makes up the larynx.
Thyroid cartilage
which can be visible in some individuals.
laryngeal prominence, or “Adam’s apple,”
attached to the thyroid cartilage, is a very flexible piece of elastic cartilage that can close like a lid to cover the opening of the trachea or open to allow air to pass.
epiglottis
forms a ring, with a wide posterior region and a thinner anterior region. Three smaller, paired cartilages— the arytenoids, corniculates, and cuneiforms
cricoid cartilage
is the space beneath the epiglottis and the soft tissue folds that border it
Glottis
are a pair of folded sections of mucous mem
branes. These folds are one of the most highly innervated and sensitive places in the human body.
vestibular folds
are white, membranous folds attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.
vocal folds (vocal cords)
providing a passage way for air into the thorax and formed by 16 to 20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue.
Trachea
, a flexible muscle that contracts during coughing to narrow the trachea, facilitating the air movement to become more rapid and forceful.
trachealis muscle
At about the level of the sternal angle the trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi
Bronchial Tree
Smaller vessels branching from the smallest bronchi are called __________.
bronchioles
the smallest type of bronchiole which then leads to an alveolar duct, opening into a cluster of alveoli.
respiratory bronchiole
is a tube composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue, which opens into a cluster of alveoli.
alveolar duct
is a cluster of many individual alveoli that are responsible for gas exchange.
alveolar sac
is one of the many small, grapelike
structures that are attached to the alveolar ducts.
alveolus
which help maintain equal air pressure throughout the alveoli and lung
alveolar pores
houses structures of both the conducting and respiratory zones. are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi; on the inferior surface, the lungs are bordered by the
diaphragm.
lung
is an indentation on the surface of the left lung surrounding the space that the heart occupies
cardiac notch
of each the lung is the superior point that is found beneath each clavicle, while the base is the flattened bottom of each lung that rests on the diaphragm.
apex
is the outer layer that connects to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm.
parietal pleura
is a serous membrane that surrounds each lung.
pleura
is the layer that directly touches the surface of the lungs, and extends into and lines the lung fissures
visceral pleura
is secreted by mesothelial cells from both pleural layers and acts to lubricate their surfaces.
Pleural fluid
The right lung consists of three lobes.
superior lobe
middle lobe
horizontal fissure
separated from the inferior lobe by the oblique fissure
middle lobe
The left lung consists of only two lobes
the superior lobe and the inferior lobe
The left lung consists of only two lobes, the superior lobe and the inferior lobe, which are separated by an
oblique fissure.
Deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs in the left and right ________________, which are the two branches of the pulmonary trunk.
pulmonary arteries
When atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will flow down its pressure gradient from outside toward the lower pressure alveoli—
inhalation
is the difference between the intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures, and it determines the size of the lungs.
Transpulmonary pressure
is the pressure of the air within the alveoli, which changes during the different phases of breathing
Intrapulmonary pressure
is the bell-shaped skeletal muscle at the bottom of the thorax, separating the thorax from the abdomen.
diaphragm
is the amount of force that is exerted by gasses in the air.
Atmospheric pressure
When atmospheric pressure is lower than intrapulmonary pressure, then air will still flow down its pressure gradient, but this time from inside the lungs to the lower pressure atmosphere—
exhalation
is the term used for various volumes of air moved by or associated with the lungs at a given point in the respiratory cycle.
Respiratory volume
There are four major types of respiratory volumes:
tidal, residual, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve
is the amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing.
Tidal volume (TV)
is the amount of air you can forcefully exhale past a normal tidal expiration, typically about twice the TV volume.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
is produced by a deep inhalation, past a
tidal inspiration. This is the extra volume that can be brought into the lungs during a forced inspiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
is the air left in the lungs if you exhale
as much air as possible.
Residual volume (RV)
is the amount of air a person can move into or out of their lungs; it is the sum of all of the volumes except RV (TV, ERV, and IRV).
Vital capacity (VC)
is the amount of air that remains in the lung after a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of ERV and RV
functional residual capacity (FRC)
is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled past a normal tidal expiration; it is the sum of the TV and IRV.
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
is the pressure of a single type of gas in a mixture of gasses.
Partial pressure (Px)
involved in deep breathing
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
maintains a constant breathing rhythm.
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies that stimulate neurons in the DRG, controlling the depth of inspiration, particularly for deep breathing
apneustic center
is a network of neurons that inhibits the activity of neurons in the DRG, allowing relaxation after inspiration.
pneumotaxic center
is one of the specialized receptors that are located in the brain and brainstem,
central chemoreceptor
is one of the specialized receptors located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch.
peripheral chemoreceptor
occurs when we do not breath frequently enough to sufficiently maintain
blood gas homeostasis.
Hypoventilation
is the opposite; a person hyperventilating is breathing too fast for ideal blood gas homeostasis, and therefore expelling more CO2 than is ideal.
Hyperventilation
or true breathing, is the depth of breath that is typical of a resting individual.
Eupnea
describes breathing that is deeper and more frequent than that of a typical resting individual.
Hyperpnea
describes a spontaneous absence in breathing.
Apnea
