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PE - Anatomy And Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

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2
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of the air that can be forcibly inspired following a normal breath

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3
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired following a normal breath

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4
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum capacity

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5
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

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6
Q

What is the pathway of air?

A

Mouth/nose cavity —> Pharynx —> Trachea —> Larynx (voice box) —> Trachea —> Bronchi —> Bronchioles —> Alveoli

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7
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

The diaphragm tightens, changing from a dome shape to a flatter shape

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8
Q

What happens tot eh lungs during inhalation?

A

The lungs open up, allowing air to rush in

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9
Q

What happens during inspiration phase?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostals are use during breathing at rest
The diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor are used during exercise

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10
Q

What happens during the expiration phase?

A

The internal intercostals and abdominals are used during exercise

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11
Q

How does tidal volume change during exercise?

A

Increases

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12
Q

How does inspiratory reserve volume change during exercise?

A

Decreases

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13
Q

How does expiratory reserve volume change during exercise?

A

Slight decrease

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14
Q

How does residual volume change during exercise?

A

Remains the same

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15
Q

How does minute ventilation change during exercise?

A

Big increase

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16
Q

Why does total volume occur?

A

Breathing rate and breathing depth both increase in order to supply the working muscles with oxygen

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17
Q

Why does residual volume not change during exercise?

A

The amount of air left in the lungs after forceful expiration will be the same at rest

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18
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure of an individual gas when it exists amongst a mixture of gases

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19
Q

What percentage of oxygen is inspired air rest?

A

21%

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20
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is inspired air at rest?

A

0.03%

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21
Q

What percentage of nitrogen is inspired air at rest?

A

79%

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22
Q

What percentage of water vapour is inspired air at rest?

A

Varied

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23
Q

What percentage of oxygen is expired air at rest?

A

16.4%

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24
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is expired air at rest?

A

4.0%

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25
Q

What percentage of nitrogen is expired air at rest?

A

79.6%

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26
Q

What percentage of water vapour is expired air at rest?

A

Saturated

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27
Q

What percentage of oxygen is expired air during exercise?

A

14%

28
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is expired air during exercise?

A

6%

29
Q

What percentage of nitrogen is expired air during exercise?

A

79%

30
Q

What percentage of water vapour is expired air during exercise?

A

Saturated

31
Q

What are three features of the alveoli that assist with gaseous exchange?

A
  • Large surface area to volume ratio, increased efficiency
  • Surrounded by large capillary network, large concentration gradient maintained
  • Moist and allow for gas to dissolve and pass more freely
  • Thin walls, decreased distance for diffusion
32
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The process of particles moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles

33
Q

What is the role of chemoreceptors?

A

To detect change in CO2/blood acidity/lactic acid in the blood

34
Q

What is the role of the baroreceptors?

A

To detect a change in blood pressure

35
Q

What is the role of the proprioceptors?

A

To detect a change in muscle movement

36
Q

Where are the chemoreceptors located?

A

Walls of the arteries

37
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located?

A

Walls of the aorta

38
Q

Where are the propioceptors located?

A

Muscles, tendons and joints

39
Q

Where are inspiratory and expiratory centre found?

A

Medulla Oblongata

40
Q

What is responsible for changes in breathing rate?

A

The imperators and expiratory centre

41
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing

42
Q

What are the systems that control pulmonary ventilation?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

43
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares the body for exercise, increasing breathing rate

44
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Lowers breathing rate

45
Q

What does the inspiratory centre do?

A

Responsible for inspiration and expiration

46
Q

What does the expiratory centre do?

A

Stimulated expiratory muscles during exercise

47
Q

How does the inspiratory centre send messages to the inspiratory muscles?

A

Along the phrenic nerve, causes muscles to contract

48
Q

What does the respiratory centre respond to?

A

Changes in blood chemistry

49
Q

Why does blood acidity increase during exercise?

A

Increase in plasma concentration of carbon dioxide, and increase of lactic acid

50
Q

Where did the chemoreceptors send messages to?

A

To the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until blood acidity has normalised

51
Q

How does blood acidity return to normal?

A

The respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles, sternocleiodmastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, increases the rate, depth and rhythm of breathing

52
Q

What factors affect breathing control?

A

Mechanical factors, Baroreceptors, Stretch receptors

53
Q

What are the mechanical factors in breathing control?

A

Proprioceptors are century receptors located in the joints and muscles that provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise

54
Q

What are baroreceptors roles in breathing control?

A

A decrease in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries results in an increase in breathing rate

55
Q

What are the stretch receptors in breathing control?

A

During exercise the lungs are also stretched more. Stretch receptors prevent over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerves to the exploratory muscles (abdominals and internal intercostals) so that expiration occurs

56
Q

What is the order of neural/chemical control for inspiration?

A

Receptors —> Medulla —> Phrenic nerve —> Diaphragm and external intercostals

57
Q

What is the order of neural/chemical control for expiration?

A

Receptors —> medulla —> Intercostal nerve —> Abdominals and internal intercostals

58
Q

What are cilia?

A

Tiny cells located in the bronchi and bronchioles

59
Q

What is nicotine?

A

An addictive stimulant found in cigarettes

60
Q

What is tar?

A

An addictive stimulant found in cigarette smoke

61
Q

What is COPD?

A

A chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema. The main cause of emphysema is smoking. It is a long term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath

62
Q

What are the negative affects on the mechanic of breathing from smoking?

A
  • Carbon monoxides binds to haemoglobin
  • Damaged alveoli
  • Damaged cilia
  • Nicotine constricts the bronchioles
  • Irritation of the trachea and bronchi
63
Q

How does smoking affect the respiratory system?

A
  • Irritation to trachea and bronchi
  • Reduces lung function
  • Increases breathlessness, due to swelling and narrowing of lungs airways
  • Damages cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
  • Excess mucus build up - leads to smokers cough
64
Q

How does smoking reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood (and increase breathlessness)?

A

Carbon monoxide from cigarettes binds with haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily that oxygen

65
Q

How does smoking increase the risk of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?

A

Smoking breaks down and joins alveoli walls , forming abnormally large air spaces, which reduces the efficiency of gas exchange

PE - Anatomy And Physiology (5 decks)

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