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A&P 2 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What keeps the shape of your nose?

A

Septal Cartilage

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1
Q

A shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex

A

What is the Philtrum?

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2
Q

What hairs filter coarse particles from inspired air?

A

Vibrissae

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3
Q

What is the nasal cavity that is superior to the nares?

A

Vestibule

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4
Q

Moving air into and out of the lungs

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

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5
Q

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood

A

External Respiration

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6
Q

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues

A

Transport

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7
Q

The gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

A

Internal Respiration

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8
Q

The site of the gas exchange and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory Zone

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9
Q

Humified by the high water content in the nasal cavity and warmed by the rich plexuses of capillaries

A

Inspired air

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10
Q

What removes contaminated mucus?

A

Ciliated mucosal cells

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11
Q

Conduits (tubes) for air to reach the sites of gas exchange and include all other respiratory structures

A

Conducting Zone

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12
Q

During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa do what?

A

They filter, heat, and moisten the air

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13
Q

During exhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa do what?

A

Reclaim heat and moisture and minimize moisture and heat loss

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14
Q

Elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

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15
Q

Intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing of the glottis

A

Speech

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16
Q

Made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

Connective tissue deep to the mucosa

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

The outermost layer of C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage

A

Adventitia

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19
Q

The last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi

A

Carina

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20
Q

Accounts for most of the lungs’ volume

A

Approx. 300 million alveoli

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21
Q

What makes up that air-blood barrier

A

Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas

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22
Q

Are a singular layer of type I alveolar cells (aka, squamous alveolar cells)

A

Alveolar Walls

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23
Q

What secretes a detergent-like substance called a surfactant?

A

Type II cells (aka, great alveolar cells)

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24
Q

What house macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile?

A

Alveoli

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25
Q

Site of vascular and bronchial attachments

A

Roots

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26
Q

Anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces that come into contact with the ribs

A

Costal surface

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27
Q

Narrow superior tip

A

Apex

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28
Q

The inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm

A

Base

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29
Q

Indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels

A

Hilum

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30
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 (Superior, middle, and inferior)

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31
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 (Superior and Inferior)

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32
Q

The cavity that accommodates the heart in the left lung

A

Cardiac Notch

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33
Q

Separated into two lobes (upper and lower) by the oblique fissure

A

Left Lung

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34
Q

Separated into three lobes (Superior, middle, and inferior) by the oblique and horizontal fissures

A

RIght Lung

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35
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the right lung?

A

10

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36
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are the left lung

A

8 (or 9)

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37
Q

Supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated

A

Pulmonary arteries

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38
Q

Carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart

A

Pulmonary veins

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39
Q

Provide systemic blood to the lung tissue

A

Bronchial arteries

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40
Q

Thin double-layered serosa

A

Pleura

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41
Q

Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm; continues around the heart and between the lungs

A

Parietal Pleura

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42
Q

Covers the external lung surface

A

Visceral Pleura

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43
Q

What is the technical term for breathing called?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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44
Q

Air flows into the lungs

A

Inspiration

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45
Q

Gases exit the lungs

A

Expiration

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46
Q

Pressure within the alveoli

A

Intrapulmonary Pressure

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47
Q

Pressure within the pleural cavity

A

Intrapleural Pressure

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48
Q

Difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures

A

Transpulmonary Pressure

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49
Q

The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface

A

Surface Tension

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50
Q

A detergent-like complex reduces the surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing

A

Surfactant

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51
Q

What is the technical term for lung collapse?

A

Atelectasis

52
Q

Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approx. 500 ml)

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

53
Q

Air that can be inspired forcible beyond the tidal volume (2100 - 3200 ml)

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

54
Q

Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000 - 1200 ml)

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

55
Q

Air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration

A

Residual Volume (RV)

56
Q

Total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration (IRV + TV)

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

57
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (RV + ERV)

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

58
Q

The total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV) * maximum amount of air that can be “breathed” in or out

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

59
Q

The sum of all lung volumes (approx. 6000 ml in males)

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)

60
Q

The volume of conducting respiratory passages (150 ml) * no air exchange possible here

A

Anatomical dead space

61
Q

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

A

Alveolar dead space

61
Q

The sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces

A

Total (or physiologic) dead space

61
Q

An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function

A

Spirometer

61
Q

Increased airway resistance * like asthma

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease

61
Q

Reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes * like pulmonary fibrosis

A

Restrictive disorders

62
Q

The total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute

A

Total ventilation

63
Q

Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

A

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

64
Q

The amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

65
Q

CO2 stuck in the alveoli

A

Barrel-Chest (Emphysema)

66
Q

Measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time

A

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

67
Q

What increases AVR

A

Slow, deep breathing

68
Q

What decreases AVR

A

Rapid, shallow breathing

69
Q

When a mixture of gases is in contact with liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion

A

Partial Pressure

70
Q

The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends on it’s

A

Solubility

71
Q

The amount of gas reaching the alveoli

A

Ventilation

72
Q

The blood flow reaching the alveoli

A

Perfusion

73
Q

When all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen

A

Saturated Hemoglobin

74
Q

When one to three hemes are bound to oxygen

A

Partially saturated hemoglobin

75
Q

CO2 + H20 <–> *CAH H2CO3 <–> H+ +HCO3-

A

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Ion Buffer Equation

76
Q

What reversible catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

A

Carbonic Anhydrase (CAH)

77
Q

To counterbalance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions to the RBCs, chloride ions (C1-) move from the plasma into the erythrocytes

A

The chloride shift

78
Q

When walls of adjacent alveoli break down to form fewer, larger alveoli

A

Confluent Alveoli

79
Q

Resists blood pH changes

A

The carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system

80
Q

What is the pacesetting respiratory center and contains inspiratory neurons that set up eupnea

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

81
Q

Normal breathing rate (12-15 breaths per minute)

A

Eupnea

82
Q

What is involved in integrating information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

83
Q

Irritants promote reflexive constriction of air passages

A

Pulmonary irritant reflexes

84
Q

Stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung inflation (Prevents overinflation)

A

Inflation Reflex (Hering-Breuer)*

85
Q

Increased depth and rate of breathing

A

Hyperventilation

86
Q

Slow and shallow breathing resulting from abnormally low PCO2 levels

A

Hypoventilation

87
Q

Breathing cessation

A

Apnea

88
Q

Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

89
Q

Labored breathing occurs and progressively gets worse

A

Dyspnea

90
Q

Characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness

A

Asthma

91
Q

70% is transported as bicarbonate

A

Bicarbonate Ion in plasma (CO2)

92
Q

7-10% CO2

A

Dissolved in plasma (CO2)

93
Q

Infectious diseases caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis

94
Q

Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the USA and 90% of lung cancer patients were smokers

A

Lung Cancer

95
Q

What produces steroid-class hormones

A

Cortex cells

96
Q

What produces catecholamines/adrenaline

A

Medulla cells (Chromuffin cells)

97
Q

What is produced more T3 or T4?

A

T4

98
Q

What is the most active T3 or T4?

A

T3

99
Q

Heat production by TH is known as what?

A

Calorgenic Effect

100
Q

What are the target cells of the thyroid gland?

A

MIT, DIT, T3, and T4

101
Q

What is most active in children to facilitate bone growth

A

Thyroid Gland

102
Q

What speeds up the metabolic rate?

A

TH (thyroid hormone)

103
Q

What is an antagonist of insulin?

A

Alpha Cells secrete glucagon

104
Q

What decreases blood glucose levels?

A

Beta cells secreting insulin

105
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin?

A

Delta Cells

106
Q

What promotes glycogenolysis?

A

Gluagcon

107
Q

What is it called when the body produces glucose from lactic acid/fat/non-carb sources?

A

gluconeogenesis

108
Q

What endocrine function in the pancreas is performed by _______ islet cells

A

Langerhans

109
Q

What directly and indirectly controls hormone distribution?

A

Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)

110
Q

What secretes TSH and other tropic hormones?

A

Anterior gland cells (Thyriotrpoic cells)

111
Q

Is prolactin a tropic hormone

A

NO!

112
Q

What controls the production and let down of milk in nursing mothers

A

Prolactin and Oxytocin

113
Q

What is most active in children around puberty?

A

Thymus Gland

114
Q

What are the thymic hormones that develop and activate T-lymphocytes

A

Thymopotien and Thymosin

115
Q

What do the ABO blood groups consist of?

A
  • Two antigens (A&B)
    -Two antibodies in the plasma (Anti-A and Anti-B)
116
Q

What is a universal donor for blood?

A

Type O+ (most common; has no aggulations)

117
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB (most rarest; produces no agglutinins)

118
Q

How many varieties of naturally occurring RBCs antigens do humans have?

A

30

119
Q

RBCs membranes have _______ (markers) on their external surfaces

A

Glycoprotein antigens

120
Q

What are glycoprotein antigens?

A

These antigens are unique to the individual recognized as foreign (non-self) if transfused into another individual

121
Q

What is used to classify different blood groups?

A

The presence or absence of glycoprotein antigens

122
Q

What are the Rh blood groups?

A

There are 8 different Rhs agglutinogen

123
Q

If your blood type is positive what does this mean for Rh?

A

The Rh is present in the blood

124
Q

If your blood type is negative what does this mean for Rh?

A

The Rh is not present in the blood

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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