The Respiratory System Flashcards
What keeps the shape of your nose?
Septal Cartilage
A shallow vertical groove inferior to the apex
What is the Philtrum?
What hairs filter coarse particles from inspired air?
Vibrissae
What is the nasal cavity that is superior to the nares?
Vestibule
Moving air into and out of the lungs
Pulmonary Ventilation
Gas exchange between the lungs and blood
External Respiration
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
Transport
The gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Internal Respiration
The site of the gas exchange and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Respiratory Zone
Humified by the high water content in the nasal cavity and warmed by the rich plexuses of capillaries
Inspired air
What removes contaminated mucus?
Ciliated mucosal cells
Conduits (tubes) for air to reach the sites of gas exchange and include all other respiratory structures
Conducting Zone
During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa do what?
They filter, heat, and moisten the air
During exhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa do what?
Reclaim heat and moisture and minimize moisture and heat loss
Elastic cartilage that covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Epiglottis
Intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing of the glottis
Speech
Made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
Mucosa
Connective tissue deep to the mucosa
Submucosa
The outermost layer of C-shaped rings made of hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
The last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi
Carina
Accounts for most of the lungs’ volume
Approx. 300 million alveoli
What makes up that air-blood barrier
Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminas
Are a singular layer of type I alveolar cells (aka, squamous alveolar cells)
Alveolar Walls
What secretes a detergent-like substance called a surfactant?
Type II cells (aka, great alveolar cells)
What house macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile?
Alveoli
Site of vascular and bronchial attachments
Roots
Anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces that come into contact with the ribs
Costal surface
Narrow superior tip
Apex
The inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
Base
Indentation that contains pulmonary and systemic blood vessels
Hilum
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 (Superior, middle, and inferior)
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 (Superior and Inferior)
The cavity that accommodates the heart in the left lung
Cardiac Notch
Separated into two lobes (upper and lower) by the oblique fissure
Left Lung
Separated into three lobes (Superior, middle, and inferior) by the oblique and horizontal fissures
RIght Lung
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the right lung?
10
How many bronchopulmonary segments are the left lung
8 (or 9)
Supply systemic venous blood to be oxygenated
Pulmonary arteries
Carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart
Pulmonary veins
Provide systemic blood to the lung tissue
Bronchial arteries
Thin double-layered serosa
Pleura
Covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm; continues around the heart and between the lungs
Parietal Pleura
Covers the external lung surface
Visceral Pleura
What is the technical term for breathing called?
Pulmonary ventilation
Air flows into the lungs
Inspiration
Gases exit the lungs
Expiration
Pressure within the alveoli
Intrapulmonary Pressure
Pressure within the pleural cavity
Intrapleural Pressure
Difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures
Transpulmonary Pressure
The attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface
Surface Tension
A detergent-like complex reduces the surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
What is the technical term for lung collapse?
Atelectasis
Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approx. 500 ml)
Tidal Volume (TV)
Air that can be inspired forcible beyond the tidal volume (2100 - 3200 ml)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000 - 1200 ml)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration
Residual Volume (RV)
Total amount of air that can be inspired after tidal expiration (IRV + TV)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration (RV + ERV)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
The total amount of exchangeable air (TV + IRV + ERV) * maximum amount of air that can be “breathed” in or out
Vital Capacity (VC)
The sum of all lung volumes (approx. 6000 ml in males)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
The volume of conducting respiratory passages (150 ml) * no air exchange possible here
Anatomical dead space
Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction
Alveolar dead space
The sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces
Total (or physiologic) dead space
An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function
Spirometer
Increased airway resistance * like asthma
Obstructive pulmonary disease
Reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes * like pulmonary fibrosis
Restrictive disorders
The total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute
Total ventilation
Gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
CO2 stuck in the alveoli
Barrel-Chest (Emphysema)
Measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
What increases AVR
Slow, deep breathing
What decreases AVR
Rapid, shallow breathing
When a mixture of gases is in contact with liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion
Partial Pressure
The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid depends on it’s
Solubility
The amount of gas reaching the alveoli
Ventilation
The blood flow reaching the alveoli
Perfusion
When all four hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen
Saturated Hemoglobin
When one to three hemes are bound to oxygen
Partially saturated hemoglobin
CO2 + H20 <–> *CAH H2CO3 <–> H+ +HCO3-
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Ion Buffer Equation
What reversible catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid
Carbonic Anhydrase (CAH)
To counterbalance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions to the RBCs, chloride ions (C1-) move from the plasma into the erythrocytes
The chloride shift
When walls of adjacent alveoli break down to form fewer, larger alveoli
Confluent Alveoli
Resists blood pH changes
The carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system
What is the pacesetting respiratory center and contains inspiratory neurons that set up eupnea
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Normal breathing rate (12-15 breaths per minute)
Eupnea
What is involved in integrating information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
Irritants promote reflexive constriction of air passages
Pulmonary irritant reflexes
Stretch receptors in the lungs are stimulated by lung inflation (Prevents overinflation)
Inflation Reflex (Hering-Breuer)*
Increased depth and rate of breathing
Hyperventilation
Slow and shallow breathing resulting from abnormally low PCO2 levels
Hypoventilation
Breathing cessation
Apnea
Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Labored breathing occurs and progressively gets worse
Dyspnea
Characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness
Asthma
70% is transported as bicarbonate
Bicarbonate Ion in plasma (CO2)
7-10% CO2
Dissolved in plasma (CO2)
Infectious diseases caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Accounts for 1/3 of all cancer deaths in the USA and 90% of lung cancer patients were smokers
Lung Cancer
What produces steroid-class hormones
Cortex cells
What produces catecholamines/adrenaline
Medulla cells (Chromuffin cells)
What is produced more T3 or T4?
T4
What is the most active T3 or T4?
T3
Heat production by TH is known as what?
Calorgenic Effect
What are the target cells of the thyroid gland?
MIT, DIT, T3, and T4
What is most active in children to facilitate bone growth
Thyroid Gland
What speeds up the metabolic rate?
TH (thyroid hormone)
What is an antagonist of insulin?
Alpha Cells secrete glucagon
What decreases blood glucose levels?
Beta cells secreting insulin
What cells secrete somatostatin?
Delta Cells
What promotes glycogenolysis?
Gluagcon
What is it called when the body produces glucose from lactic acid/fat/non-carb sources?
gluconeogenesis
What endocrine function in the pancreas is performed by _______ islet cells
Langerhans
What directly and indirectly controls hormone distribution?
Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)
What secretes TSH and other tropic hormones?
Anterior gland cells (Thyriotrpoic cells)
Is prolactin a tropic hormone
NO!
What controls the production and let down of milk in nursing mothers
Prolactin and Oxytocin
What is most active in children around puberty?
Thymus Gland
What are the thymic hormones that develop and activate T-lymphocytes
Thymopotien and Thymosin
What do the ABO blood groups consist of?
- Two antigens (A&B)
-Two antibodies in the plasma (Anti-A and Anti-B)
What is a universal donor for blood?
Type O+ (most common; has no aggulations)
What is the universal recipient?
Type AB (most rarest; produces no agglutinins)
How many varieties of naturally occurring RBCs antigens do humans have?
30
RBCs membranes have _______ (markers) on their external surfaces
Glycoprotein antigens
What are glycoprotein antigens?
These antigens are unique to the individual recognized as foreign (non-self) if transfused into another individual
What is used to classify different blood groups?
The presence or absence of glycoprotein antigens
What are the Rh blood groups?
There are 8 different Rhs agglutinogen
If your blood type is positive what does this mean for Rh?
The Rh is present in the blood
If your blood type is negative what does this mean for Rh?
The Rh is not present in the blood
