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A&P 2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized muscle fibers in the ventricular walls that conduct electrical impulses

A

Purkinje Fibers

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2
Q

Do the pulmonary veins (right & left) contain oxygenated blood?

A

Yes, the pulmonary veins are large valveless vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

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3
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic: between the left ventricle and aorta.
Pulmonary: between the right ventricles and pulmonary trunk and both have 3 cusps.

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4
Q

Endothelium lines the chambers and valves of the heart

A

Define endocardium

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5
Q

What is also referred to as the discharging chambers of the heart?

A

Ventricles

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6
Q

What are the fibrous structures attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles

A

Chordae Tendineae

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7
Q

They are a part of the electrical system of the heart

A

Bundle Branches

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8
Q

The MAIN pacemaker of the heart is located in the upper right atrium

A

SA node

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9
Q

The heart wall layer comprises cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton.

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

Large vein that carries blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium

A

Inferior vena cava

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11
Q

What is the large vein that carries blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava

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12
Q

What are the muscles in the ventricular walls that pull the chordae tendineae taut to prevent prolapse of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves?

A

Papillary muscles

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13
Q

They anchor the AV valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles

A

Chordae Tendineae

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14
Q

They run from the atriums to the ventricles; creating electric impulses that cause the contraction of the heart

A

Define atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)

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15
Q

What is the two-cusped structure between the left atrium and the left ventricle that prevents the flow of blood back into the left atrium?

A

Bicuspid Valve

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16
Q

Small chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins?

A

What is the Atria? (right & left)

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17
Q

What is the three-cusped structure between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk that prevents the flow of blood back into the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary Valve

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18
Q

Blood enters the right _____ from the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.

A

Atrium

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19
Q

The outermost layer of the sac surrounding the heart; anchors the heart into the chest

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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20
Q

What is the cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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21
Q

What is the “backup” pacemaker of the heart that is located in the lower right atrium?

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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21
Q

A small potential space that contains serous fluid; is located between the two layers of the serous pericardium.

A

Pericardial cavity

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22
Q

They prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract.

A

What do the AV valves prevent?

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23
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning from the other areas of the body and send blood to the ventricles?

A

Atria

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24
Q

Does the superior and inferior vena cava contain oxygenated blood?

A

No, the inferior vena cava (the body’s largest vein) carries oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the lower part of your body. The superior vena cava (2nd biggest vein) brings the oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to your heart.

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25
Q

Blood enters the left atrium from the ______?

A

Pulmonary Veins

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26
Q

Refers to the outermost protective layer of the heart

A

Epicardium

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27
Q

Known as the pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac around the heart and it protects & lubricates your heart and keeps it in place in your chest.

A

Pericardium

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28
Q

How many cusps does the LEFT valve have?

A

two cusps (mitral & bicuspid valve)

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29
Q

How many cusps does the RIGHT valve have?

A

three cusps (tricuspid valve)

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30
Q

What are the large chambers of the heart that eject blood into the arteries?

A

Right & Left ventricles

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31
Q

What are the alternate names for the left (AV) valves?

A

Bicuspid & Mitral valves

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32
Q

What is the three-cusped structure between the right atrium and the right ventricle that prevents the flow of blood back into the right atrium?

A

Bicuspid Valve

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33
Q

What is the alternate name for the right (AV) valve?

A

Bicuspid Valve

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34
Q

Specialized muscle fibers in the ventricular walls that conduct electrical impulses

A

Purkinje Fibers

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35
Q

What pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk?

A

Right Ventricle

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36
Q

What do the AV valves prevent?

A

They prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

37
Q

What do the pulmonary veins do?

A

These veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

38
Q

What pumps blood into the aorta?

A

Left Ventricle

39
Q

What is the three-cusped structure between the left ventricle, atrium, and aorta that prevents the flow of blood back into the left ventricle?

A

Aortic Valve

40
Q

The artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary Trunk

41
Q

The largest artery in the body carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into the systemic circulation

42
Q

A small potential space that contains serous fluid; located between the two layers of the serous pericardium

A

Pericardial Cavity

43
Q

What is the growth of blood vessels called?

A

Angiogenesis

44
Q

What is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood?

A

Blood Pressure (BP)

45
Q

Name the sequence of flow: (Start from the heart)

A
  1. Artery
  2. Arteriole (resistance vessels)
  3. Capillary
  4. Venule
  5. Vein
  6. Heart
46
Q

True or False: Veins are capacitance vessels? (blood reservoirs) that contains 65% of the blood supply.

47
Q

Vessels within vessels

A

What is a Vasa Vasorum

48
Q

What is a fellex mediated by the PSNS that lowers blood pressure to protect the brain from sudden rapid increases in blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptor Reflex

49
Q

What are the sounds (heard by auscultation with a stethoscope of turbulent flow resuming during a pressure reading?

A

Sounds of Korotkoff

50
Q

Depolarization of the ventricles

A

The QRS complex on an ECG represents

51
Q

What is the process of listening to the heart sounds?

A

Auscultation

52
Q

What is the second heart sound caused by the beginning of the ventricular diastole?

53
Q

Name the vessels conveying blood away from the heart

A
  1. Pulmonary Trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries
  2. Ascending Aorta
54
Q

Name the vessels returning blood to the heart

A
  1. Superior and Inferior vena cava
  2. Right and Left pulmonary veins
55
Q

What is an elevated heart rate above 100 beats per minute?

A

Tachycardia

56
Q

What is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole?

A

Diastolic Pressure

57
Q

What is the point in the body where an artery can be palpated with the fingertips to determine the rate, rhythm, and regularity of the heart?

A

Pulse Point

58
Q

What is a heart rate of more than 100 BPM?

A

Tachycardia

59
Q

What is a heart rate of less than 6B BPM?

A

Bradycardia

60
Q

What is the first heart sound caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular systole?

61
Q

What is the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

A
  1. Systolic Pressure; 120 mm Hg
  2. Diastolic Pressure; 80 mm Hg
62
Q

What conducts impulses rapidly between AV nodes *bundle branches?

A

Bundle of HIS

63
Q

What is the pattern and regularity with which the heart beats?

64
Q

What is a noise heard in the heart because of defective valves?

65
Q

What conducts impulses to Purkinje fibers on both sides of the heart?

A

Bundle Branches

66
Q

A decreased heart rate below 60 beats BPM?

A

Bradycardia

67
Q

What is a noise heard in an artery as a result of turbulent blood flow?

68
Q

The second heart sound is known as ______ and is caused by the closure of the ________?

A

S2; Semilunar Valves

69
Q

The first heart sound is known as ____ and is caused by the closure of the ________?

A

S1; AV Valves

70
Q

What is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole?

A

Systolic Pressure

71
Q

Systolic pressure in the arm with the systolic pressure in the ankle

A

The ankle-brachial index

72
Q

What are the three major types of vessels?

A

They are arteries, capillaries, and veins

73
Q

What do arteries do?

A

They carry blood away from the heart

73
Q

What do veins do?

A

They carry blood towards the heart

74
Q

What is Systolic pressure is below 100 mm Hg

A

Hypotension

75
Q

A condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher

A

Hypertension

76
Q

What is the p-wave?

A

The depolarization of the SA node

77
Q

What is ventricular depolarization called in an ECG?

A

QRS complex

78
Q

What is ventricular repolarization called in an ECG?

79
Q

What can cause syncope *fainting?

A

A MAP below 60mmHg

80
Q

What can cause a cerebral edema?

A

A MAP above 160 mmHg

81
Q

What results from large-scale blood loss?

A

Hypovolemic Shock

82
Q

What results when the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation?

A

Cardiogenic Shock

83
Q

What results from poor circulation from extreme vasodilation?

A

Vascular Shock

84
Q

How many times does the SA node generate impulses?

A

75 times per minute

85
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

It delays the impulse by approximately 0.1 seconds, allowing the ventricles to fill with blood.

86
Q

Where does the impulse pass from the AV node?

A

It passes from the atria to the ventricles via the bundle of HIS

87
Q

What is the SA node impulses responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the pulse rate.

88
Q

What is the heart doing during systole?

A

It is contracting the heart muscle ( heart working)

89
Q

What is the heart doing during diastole?

A

It relaxes the heart muscle ( heart at rest)

90
Q

What is the brain sensitive to?

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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