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Human Physiology > The respiratory system > Flashcards

The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the anatomy of the respiratory system

A

Lungs: location; 3 lobes right and 2 left

Upper airways: air passage in the head and neck: nasal cavity and oral cavity, pharynx - a muscular tube for booth food and air

Respiratory tract - larynx (vocal cords), Glottis, Epiglottis

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

Thoracic cavity

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2
Q

Explain the function of the conducting zone

A

Provides a passageway for air to enter the respiratory zone

Adjusts air temperature

Humidify air

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3
Q

Explain the structure of the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveoli (alveolus)

Alveolar sac (in cluster)

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4
Q

Explain the function of the respiratory zone

A

Gas exchange between air and blood

Location - respiratory membrane

Mechanism - by simple diffusion

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5
Q

Explain the structure and function of alveolus

A

300 million alveoli in the lungs

The rich supply of capillaries, which form sheet over alveoli

Alveolar pores

Type I cells: a single layer of epithelial cells overlaying a basement membrane (alveolar wall)

Type II cells: secrete surfactants

Alveolar macrophages

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6
Q

Explain the structure and function of the respiratory membrane

A

Where gas exchange occurs

Three layers:

Alveolar epithelium

Fused basement membrane

Capillary endothelium

Thickness: 0.2 um

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7
Q

What facilitates gas exchange?

A

Thin respiratory membrane

Large surface area for diffusion

Lipid solubility of gases (O2 and CO2)

Partial pressure gradient between alveoli and capillary created by ventilation

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8
Q

Explain the structure of the thoracic cavity

A

Chest wall:

Bones (rib cage, sternum, thoracic vertebrate)

Muscles (internal and external intercostal muscles)

The pleural sac surrounds each lung

Pleura: a membrane composed of a layer of epithelial cells

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9
Q

What are the 2 functions of the thoracic cavity?

A

Protects the lungs

Facillitates ventiliation

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10
Q

Explain the structure and function of the pleural sac

A

Pleural sac:

Three layers:

Visceral pleura - attached to the lung tissue

Interpleural space - filled intraplural fluid

Parietal pleura: attached to the chest wall

Functions:

Ensures the lung tissues and the chest wall are stuck together

With certain flexibility

Lubricated

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11
Q

Explain the muscle involved in inspiration

A

Inspiratory muscles:

The diaphragm (contraction - move downwards)

The external intercostal muscles (contraction - ribs pivot upwards and outwards)

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12
Q

Explain the muscles involved in expiration

A

Expiration muscles:

The internal intercostal muscles

The abdominal muscles

Normal expiration is passive (relaxation of inspiratory muscles), only forceful expiration involves contraction of expiratory muscles (active expiration)

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13
Q

Explain what Boyle’s law states about the mechanism of breathing and give the equation used

A

Boyle’s Law: for a given quantity of gas in a container, the pressure is inversely related to the volume

P = C/V

P = nRT/V

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14
Q

What 2 things is intra-alveolar pressure dependent on?

A

Quantity of air (moles)

Volume of air

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15
Q

Explain the mechanism of inspiration

A

inspiratory muscle contract

Lung volume increases

pressure within the lungs decreases

P alveoli is greater than the pressure of the atmosphere

Air flows into the lungs

The quantity of air in the lungs increases

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16
Q

Explain what lung compliance is and what it depends on

A

The change in lung volume that results from a given transpulmonary pressure

It depends on:

The elasticity of the lungs (elastic fibers)

The surface tension lining the alveoli (the work required to increase surface area)

17
Q

Explain the effect of surfactants on respiration

A

Secreted by type II alveolar cells

To decrease the surface tension

To prevent alveoli from collapsing

18
Q

Explain how airway resistance is regulated

A

Regulated by:

Smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchioles

Extrinsic (neural, hormonal)

Intrinsic (O2 and CO2)

19
Q

Explain the effects of airway resistance

A

Airway resistance increases asthma - same change in volume and bigger change in pressure or same chance in pressure and smaller change in volume

20
Q

When does airway resistance become increased?

A

With diseases:

Asthma

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

21
Q

Explain what tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reverse volume, and residual volume are

A

Tidal volume - The volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath - about 500ml

Inspiratory reserve volume - The maximum volume of air that can be inspired from the end of a normal inspiration - about 3000ml

Expiratory reserve volume - The maximum volume of air that can be expired from the end of a normal expiration - about 1000ml

Residual volume - the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration - about 1200ml

22
Q

Explain what inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity are

A

Inspiratory capacity - the maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a resting expiration

Vital capacity - the maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration

Functional residual capacity - the volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a tidal expiration

Total lung capacity - the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximum inspiration

23
Q

How to calculate Functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

24
Q

How to Calculate Vital Capacity

A

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

25
Q

How to calculate Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

26
Q

How to calculate Total lung capacity

A

Tidal volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiraory Reseerve Volume + Residual Volume

27
Q

Explain the central regulation of ventilation

A

Neural control of breathing by motor neuron

Generation of rhythm in the brainstem

Peripheral input to respiratory centers

28
Q

Explain the use of chemoreceptors, Central chemoreceptors, and physical chemoreceptors

A

Chemoreceptors detect changes in chemical concentration

Central chemoreceptors - neurons located in the medulla oblongata; responding to changes in H+ concentration from Co2 in the Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) around them not sensitive to Pressure of 02

Peripheral chemoreceptors - specialized sensory cells located in the carotid bodies near the carotid sinus; responding to changes in the arterial pressure of O2 or pH

29
Q

Explain what blood-brain barriers are

A

BBB - separates CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) from blood; hydrogen ions H+ can not cross their barrier

CO2 crosses BBB and then converted to H+ and HCO3-

Central chemoreceptors are not sensitive to the pressure of O2

30
Q

Explain what partial pressure is how total pressure is and how it is calculated

A

Total pressure is the sum of the pressures of individual gases

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + Pn

The partial pressure of a given is determined by the concentration of the has and the total pressure

31
Q

Explain how gas exchange occurs

A

By simple diffusion

Driven by the pressure difference

Very thin respiratory membrane (0.2 um)

Hugh surface area

Rapid

Happens in the lungs as well as in repairing tissues

32
Q

Explain how O2 is transported in the blood

A

The solubility of O2 is very low

Not meet demand

Hemoglobin transports 98.5% of the O2

4 subunits, each has a globin + a heme group (contains iron)

Binds to 02 reversibly

Oxyhemoglobin/deoxyhemoglobin

33
Q

Explain the dissociation curve for Haemoglobin-oxygen

A

Percentage saturation increases as pressure of 02 increases

S-shaped curve (sigmoidal), positive cooperativity (binding of one 02 increases the affinity of the second one)

Systemic veins: 40 mmHg, 75% saturation

Systemic arteries: 100 mmHg, 98.5%

34
Q

How does high temperature affect the 02 saturation curve?

A

Active tissues

Shifts right

More O2 unloading in tissues

More 02 delivery to tissues

35
Q

Explain what factors affect hemoglobin 02 affinity

A

Increased temperature decreases the affinity of 02 for Hb

Decreased pressure decreases the affinity of 02 for Hb (Bohr effect)

The increased pressure of Co2 decreases the affinity of Hb - and causes C02 to bind instead of 02 forming carbaminohymoglobin

Increased carbon monoxide decreases the affinity of 02 to Hb

Human Physiology (9 decks)

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