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BIO 216 Test 3 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two primary operating features of gas exchange

A

The respiratory medium, either air or water
The respiratory surface, a wetted epithelium over which gas exchange take place

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2
Q

Describe the respiratory surfaces

A

-thin, large surface area, and moist

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3
Q

Respiratory surfaces must be moist because….

A

-gasses must be dissolved in water to move in and out epithelial cells
-human lungs are invaginated(pockets): keep from drying out
-moisture is added to air in mouth, nasal passages

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4
Q

Define Ventilation

A

-flow of the respiratory medium (air, water) over the external side of the respiratory surface

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5
Q

Define Perfusion

A

-flow of blood or other body fluids on the internal side of the respiratory surface

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6
Q

Define gas exchange

A

-Simple diffusion of molecules drives exchange of gases across the respiratory surface
-from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration

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7
Q

Area of the respiratory surface determines…

A

-total quantity of gasses exchanged by diffusion

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8
Q

Lungs allow air to become saturated with…

A

-water before it reaches the respiratory surface
-reduce water loss by evaporation
-increases surfaces area for gas exchange

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9
Q

What is positive pressure breathing and what animal can it be in?

A

-air is forced into lungs by muscle contraction
-frog

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10
Q

What is negative pressure breathing and what animal can it be in?

A

-Muscle contractions expand lungs, lowering air pressure inside
-allows air to be pulled into the lungs
-mammals

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11
Q

If you had a highly infectious disease, such as Covid-19, should you stay in a hospital room that has a positive pressure ventilation system or a negative pressure ventilation system?

A

-negative pressure in the room; air is being pulled into the room, so the coronavirus is not being pushed out of the room to infect others

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12
Q

What if you had a severely compromised immune system would there be a positive pressure ventilation system or negative pressure ventilation system?

A

-severely compromised immune system: positive
-the air pressure in the room is greater than that outside of it, so it pushes potential infection agents or chemicals away from the patient

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13
Q

Describe the actions of mammalian respiratory system

A

-the airways leading from the exterior to the lungs filter, moisten, and warm the entering air
-contraction of the diaphragm and muscle between the ribs ventilate the lungs
-the volume of inhaled and exhaled air varies
-the centers that control breathing are located in the brain stem
-use negative pressure breathing; muscular contractions expand the lungs; this lowers the pressure of the air in the lungs; this causes air to be pulled inward

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14
Q

Where does air enter in the mammalian respiratory system?

A

-Air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth and passes through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea
-trachea divides into two bronchi leading to lungs
-within lungs, bronchi branch in brochioles, leading into alveoli surrounded by networks of blood capillaries

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15
Q

Describe Ventilation in humans

A

-negative pressure mechanism
-Air is exhaled passively due to: relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles between ribs; elastic recoil of lungs (pleural membranes)
-Deep and rapid breathing; forceful expulsion of air driven by contraction of internal intercostal muscles

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16
Q

Describe inhalation in humans

A

-Diaphragm contracts and moves down. The external intercostal muscles contract and lift the rib cage upward and outward. The lung volume expands

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17
Q

Describe exhalation in humans

A

-Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles return to the resting positions. Rib cage moves down. Lungs recoil passively.

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18
Q

Describe the layers of the Pleural cavity

A

Pleura: double layer of epithelial tissue that covers the lungs
Inner layer (visceral): attached to lung surface
Outer layer (parietal): attached to surface of chest cavity
Fluid filled space in between allows lungs to move without abrasion

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19
Q

Define Tidal volume

A

-Amount of air moved in and out of lungs during an inhalation and exhalation (at rest -500mL)

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20
Q

Define Vital capacity

A

-total volume of air a person can inhale and exhale by breathing as deeply as possible (max. Male: 4800ml, female: 3400ml)

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21
Q

Define residual volume

A

-Air remaining in the lungs after as much air as possible is exhaled (males: 1200ml; females:100ml)

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22
Q

What is the important idea relation to the Ideal Gas Law P=nRT/V

A

-At a constant T, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume (Boyle’s law: P1V1=P2V2)
-Air flows from areas of higher to lower pressure
-As volume increases, the pressure of the gas decreases in proportion

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23
Q

What are four important factors about breathing?

A

-Negative pressure in intrapleural space keeps lungs in contact with the chest wall.
-Surface tension of the pleural fluid also leads to close apposition of the lung surfaces with the chest wall
-Lungs are stretchy (compliant) and elastic (recoil)
-Pathways in and out of lungs offer low resistance to flow

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24
Q

Define negative pressure

A

Refers to a situation in which an enclosed area has lower pressure than the area around it

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25
Q

Define ventilation

A

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli in the lungs

26
Q

What happens during ventilation

A

During ventilation, air moves into and out of the lungs because the alveolar pressure is alternatively less than and greater the atmospheric pressure

27
Q

What do you think would happen when the pressure in the alveoli is less than the atmospheric pressure?

A

-air flows into lungs (inspiration)

28
Q

When the pressure in the alveoli is greater than the atmospheric pressure?

A

-Air flows out of lungs (expiration)

29
Q

Describe inhalation

A

Diaphragm moves down (contracts), rib cage expands; increase in volume; decrease in pressure; draw air into the lung

30
Q

Describe exhalation

A

Diaphragm relaxes, moves up; rib cage gets smaller, decrease in volume, increase in pressure; expel air

31
Q

Why does the lung expand when the chest cavity expands since they are not directly attached?

A

There is negative pressure in the intrapleural space that keeps the lungs in contact with the chest wall. Chest wall’s natural state is to pull out, lungs natural stat is to pull in; gives rise to a negative pressure

32
Q

What are the specific pressure changes that occur when you breathe?

A

Ptp: transpulmonary pressure- difference in pressure between the inside and outside of lungs
Palv: alveolar pressure- pressure in the alveoli
Pip: intrapleural pressure- pressure in the pleural space
Ptp= Palv-Pip

33
Q

Define Surfactant

A

-keeps lungs from collapsing
-reduces the cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface and thus lowers the surface tension which increases lung compliance

34
Q

What are the two determinants of lung compliance

A

-Stretchability of the lungs: the greater the lung compliance, the easier it is to expand the lungs at any given change in transpulmonary pressure
-Surface tension: attractive forces between water molecules in the layer of water that lines the alveoli

35
Q

Under physiological conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always… the intrapleural pressure is always… while the alveolar pressure moves from slightly… to slightly… as a person breathes

A

-positive; negative; positive; negative

36
Q

What are the two major control mechanisms for breathing?

A

-regulation centers in the brain stem
-local chemical controls

37
Q

What are the goals for the control functions in terms of breathing

A

-to optimize gas exchange
-match rate of air and blood flow in lungs
-link rate and depth of breathing ot body’s requirements for O2 uptake and CO2 release

38
Q

What type of muscles are the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A

-skeletal muscle
-will contract when motor nerves stimulate them to contract
-destruction of motor nerves to these muscles results in death

39
Q

Inspiration is initiated by… when the action potentials cease…

A

-a burst of action potentials in the spinal motor nerves to the inspiratory muscles (eg. diaphragm, external intercostals)
- inspiratory muscles relax, expiration occurs as the elastic lungs recoil

40
Q

What controls nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles so that they can be alternately increased and decreased?

A

-the neurons in the respiratory centers of medulla oblongata in the brainstem

41
Q

The base rhythm of breathing is produced by neurons in the …

A

-medulla called medullary respiratory center

42
Q

The medullary respiratory center has 2 groups of neurons:

A

-DRG: dorsal respiratory group
-VRG: ventral respiratory group

43
Q

What does the DRG (dorsal respiratory group) do?

A

-Primarily fire during inspiration
-stimulate the diaphragm
-Have input to spinal motor neurons (specifically, the phrenic and intercostal nerves) that activate muscles involved in inspiration(diaphragm, intercostal)

44
Q

Phrenic nerves:

A

-innervate the diaphragm

45
Q

What does the VRG (ventral respiratory group) do?

A

-The VRG are active during both inspiration and expiration
-adds to rate and depth of breathing by stimulating forceful exhalation and by adding to signals stimulating inhalation

46
Q

Pacemaker cells and other specialized neurons in the upper part of the VRG(called the Pre-Botzinger complex) are believed to comprise the …

A

-respiratory rhythm generator (which establishes the basic rhythm of respiration)

47
Q

The medulla detects changes in levels of …. In blood and body fluids by receiving signals from the…

A

-CO2
-peripheral chemoreceptors(carotid bodies and aortic bodies)

48
Q

Control centers in medulla(and pons) adjust.. And …. Of breathing to compensate for changes in blood gasses

A

-rate and depth

49
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors, where are they located and what are they stimulated by?

A

-located in carotid bodies and aortic bodies: respond to changes in arterial blood
-stimulated by: decreased O2(hypoxia); Increased H+(metabolic acidosis); increased CO2(respiratory acidosis)

50
Q

What central chemoreceptors, where are they located and what are they stimulated by?

A

-located in medulla: respond to changes in brain extracellular fluid
-stimulated by increases in CO2 via associated changes in H+ concentration

51
Q

Local controls in the lungs…

A

-keep ventilation and perfusion rates consistent
-If air flow<capillary blood flow, O2 levels in blood fall; smooth muscles in the walls of lung arterioles contract; reduces blood flow; more time for blood to pick up O2

52
Q

What causes gasses to move?

A

-Differences in partial pressure-diffusion of gases
-O2 and CO2 diffuse through air and water, membranes pose no barrier

53
Q

Define partial pressure

A

-pressure of each individual gas in a mixture; determined by its proportion in the mixture

54
Q

Partial pressure of O2 is higher in alveolar air than in the blood in the capillary networks surrounding the alveoli thus:

A

-O2 diffuses from alveolar air into blood

55
Q

Most O2 entering the blood combines with ….. Inside erythrocytes

A

-hemoglobin

56
Q

One hemoglobin molecule can combine with… O2 molecules

A

-4

57
Q

What are the three take home messages from the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

-big safety factor(flat part of curve)
-you have a reserve. Your hemoglobin is still pretty saturated (80%). Even at a PO2 of 40mmHg. Your body can use this reserve if needed.
-From about 0-50mmHg, a small change in PO2 can cause a significant amount O2 to be released from hemoglobin. Your body can access O2 when needed

58
Q

What are the factors produced by active tissues affect the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

A

-Affinity of Hb for O2 is decreased by: increase in CO2, drop in pH, increase in temperature

59
Q

Other factors that cause O2 to be given up:

A

-Increase in CO2 binding
-Drop in pH

60
Q

CO2 produced by cellular oxidation in active tissues…

A

-diffuses from cells to interstitial fluid to blood plasma

BIO 216 Test 3 (5 decks)

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