THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
state the functions of the respiratory system
main job is to move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases
name and describe the organs of this system;
The main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs. Other respiratory organs include the nose, the trachea and the breathing muscles (the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles).
trace the flow of air from the nose to the pulmonary alveoli
Pathway of air: nasal cavities (or oral cavity) > pharynx > trachea > primary bronchi (right & left) > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
relate the function of any portion of the respiratory tract to its gross and microscopic anatomy.
Trachea: rigid tube, highly organized hyaline cartilage, incomplete rings to allow oesophagus to expand when eating - mucociliary elevator (ciliated until terminal bronchioles)
name the muscles of respiration and describe their roles in breathing;
INSIPRATION:
-diaphragm (contracts to flat shape)
-external intercostals
FORCED EXPIRATION:
-rectus abdominus
-internal intercostals
RELAXED EXPIRATION:
-elastic recoil, No Muscles Used
describe the brainstem centers that control breathing and the inputs they receive from other levels of the nervous system
RETICULAR FORMATION OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA/PONS
-two sides communicate so that the lungs contract symmetrically
-ventral respiratory group
-dorsal respiratory group
-pontine respiratory group
explain how pressure gradients account for the flow of air in and out of the lungs, and how those gradients are produced;
F is related to the change in pressure over resistance
Changing volume creates a pressure gradient
Inter-pulmonary pressure falls with more volume rises with less volume
identify the sources of resistance to airflow and discuss their relevance to respiration;
-diameter of bronchioles
-pulmonary compliance
-surface tension of alveoli
What are the two zones of the respiratory system
conducting zone and respiratory zone
What is the diff between right and left side of the lungs
the right lung has three lobes while the left has two
Which serous membrane that covers lungs
Visceral pleura
Functions of pleurae and pleural fluid
Reduce friction
Create pressure
Which pleura adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of the rib cage, and superior surface of the diaphragm
parietal pleura
Neumothorax
is a collection of air outside the lung but within the pleural cavity. It occurs when air accumulates between the parietal and visceral pleurae inside the chest. The air accumulation can apply pressure on the lung and make it collapse.
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Why is trachealis muscle there instead of trachea being being closed off completely
trachealis muscle which allows the trachea to constrict and dilate. It is elastic enabling it to stretch during swallowing and its diameter changes during coughing and sneezing.
In the lower respiratory tract travels down what happens to the tract?
Structure starts to lose cartilage and end up gaining more smooth muscle and cilia start to disappear
surfactant secreting cell function
reduce the surface tension in the alveoli
Atmospheric pressure (Patm)
Pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
inspiration sequence of events
expiration sequence of events
Which muscles are being used during inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid
tidal volume
Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle.
Which phrenic nerve keeps the diaphragm alive
C3, C4, C5
What stimuli effect rate of breathing
Peripheral chemoreceptors: pH, Oxygen decrease, and CO2 increase
Central Chemoreceptors: CO2 increase, increase in pH
Receptors in muscles and joints
other receptors (pain, emotional)
What are the two major phases of pulmonary vent
inhalation and exhalation
