the respiratory system

Question 1

describe the passage of air sequence

Answer 1

nose
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 2

structure of the alveoli

Answer 2

1 cell thick-semi permeable membrane
short diffusion pathway
large surface area
extensive network of capillaries

Question 3

tidal volume

change during exercise

Answer 3

the volume of air being breathed in/out per normal breath

increase

Question 4

inspiratory reserve volume

change during exercise

Answer 4

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired (breathed in) during a normal breath

Question 5

expiratory reserve volume

change during exercise

Answer 5

volume of air that can be forcibly expired (breathed out) after a normal breath
slight decrease

Question 6

residual volume

change during exercise

Answer 6

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
remains same

Question 7

minute ventilation

change during exercise

Answer 7

volume of air breathing in or out per minute

BIG increase

Question 8

minute ventilation equation

Answer 8

tidal volume x respiratory frequency

Question 9

what happens to the lung volume during exercise on a spirometer compared to at rest

Answer 9

lines become closer together and tidal volume increases, inspiratory reserve vol decreases (top), expiratory reserve vol has a slight decrease, residual volume remains the same (bottom), minute ventilation has a big increase (large line)

Question 10

why does the minute ventilation increase during exercise?

Answer 10

because the tidal volume increases so the breathing rate is increased too

Question 11

diffusion

Answer 11

the movement of gad molecules from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

Question 12

partial pressure

Answer 12

pressure of one gas in a mixture of gases

Question 13

o2&co2 in alveoli

Answer 13

oxygen-100mmHg

carbon dioxide-40mmHg

Question 14

o2&co2 in blood vessel before diffusion at alveoli

Answer 14

o2-40mmHg

co2-40mmHg

Question 15

o2&co2 in bv before diffusion at muscle

Answer 15

o2-100mmHg

co2-40mmHg

Question 16

o2&co2 in bv in muscle

Answer 16

o2-5mmHg

46mmHg

Question 17

impact of poor lifestyle choices on the respiratory system-smoking

Answer 17

• cigarette smoke damages the lining of the trachea, bronchi & bronchioles»cilia on surface damages»build up of mucus»smokers cough
• decrease in o2 transport»carbon monoxide in cig smoke combines with haemoglobin in rbc more easily than o2 stopping o2 combining with haemoglobin»decreases o2 carrying capacity of blood& less o2 available for respiration»breathing rate increases so breathlessness when exercising
• lung function reduced&breathlessness»caused by swelling&narrowing of lungs airways blocked with tar
• alveoli damaged»walls broken down&join together creates larger air spaces than normal»reduced efficiency of gas exchange (reduced SA)»inc risk of COPD

Question 18

what is pulmonary ventilation

Answer 18

breathing

controlled by the sympathetic&parasympathetic nervous system

Question 19

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

increases breathing rate

Question 20

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 20

decreases breathing rate

Question 21

how is pulmonary ventilation controlled

Answer 21

• sympathetic nervous system
• increased concentration of co2&lactic blood
• changes detected by chemoreceptors
• chemoreceptors send impulses to inspiratory centre
• SNS impulses increase ventilation
• ventilation remains increased until blood acidity levels return to normal
• parasympathetic

(in reverse when the other way)

Question 22

3 factors involved in regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 22

• neutral control
• chemical control
• hormonal control

Question 23

what is involved in controlling pulmonary ventilation

Answer 23

expiratory centre, respiratory centre (medulla oblongata)» phrenic&intercostal nerve, inspiratory centre

Question 24

mechanical factors involved in mechanical ventilation

Answer 24

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors, stretch receptors, hormonal-adrenaline

Question 25

what are stretch receptors

Answer 25

prevents lungs from overinflating by sending impulses down intercostal nerve to expiratory muscle
aids the lungs to be stretched more easily during exercise