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Biochemistry 2015 > The Respiratory Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chapter 13) > Flashcards

The Respiratory Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chapter 13) Flashcards

1
Q

What Processes is the Mitochondria involved in?

A
  • Fatty Acid Oxidation
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Urea Cycle
  • Amino Acid Degradation
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
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2
Q

1) What enzymes are found on Inner Membrane?

2) What lipid do we find in the inner membrane?

A

1)

  • Complex I-IV
  • ATP Synthase
  • Membrane transporters
    2) Cardiolipin
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3
Q

What enzymes are found on the outer membrane?

A

Acetyl CoA synthesase

Glycerophosphate Acyl transferase

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4
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

It is when we couple Electron flow with the pumping of protons, thus liberated free energy is trapped as high energy phosphates.

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5
Q

1) What is the Redox Span from NADH -> O2

2) Path taken for electron

A

1) 1.1V.

2) From Complex I -> Compex III to Complex IV then to oxygen. Reducing it form H20.

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6
Q

At which Complexes are protons pumped into the intermembrane space?

A

Complex I, III, III

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7
Q

When is Succinate-Q- Reductase (complex II) used?

A

For substrates that have a more positive redox potential than Nad+/NADH

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8
Q

1) Which Complexes have Flavoproteins in them?

2) What is their purpose?

A

1) Complex I and II have flavoproteins FMN and FAD.
2) The purpose is to be able to:
- Be reduced in Rxns involving transfer of 2 electrons
- can accept an electron as well, to form the semiquinone.

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9
Q

1) Which Complexes have Fe-S proteins in them?
2) What is the formation of this Fe-S protein?
3) Purpose?

A

1) Complexes 1,2,3 all have Fe-S proteins.
2) consists of one, two or four Fe joint to inorganic sulphur via cystein group to protein.
3) They can transfer a single electron.

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10
Q

What consists of Complex I?

A

1) FMN

2) Fe-S proteins

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11
Q

What does Complex I do?

A

It takes 2 electrons from NADH, and pumps one H+ for each electron passing.
Thus in total 4H+ is pumped here.

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12
Q

What does Complex II consist of?

A

1) FAD

2) Fe-S Proteins

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13
Q

1) How is FADH2 formed?

2) How many H+ pumped at complex II?

A

1) FADH2 is formed by the conversion of: Succinate to Fumarate.
2) 4H+

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14
Q

Which complexes provide electron to Coenzyme Q?

A

I and II.

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15
Q

What does Complex III do?

A

Takes electrons from Co-enzyme Q and transfers them to Cytochrome C,
It couples the movement of these electrons to the pumping of 2H+ into the intermembrane space.

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16
Q

What does Complex III consist off?

A
  • Cytochrome C1
  • Cytochrome bL and bH
  • Rieske Fe-S (special because it is linked to histidine not cysteine).
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17
Q

Explain the Q-cycle:

A

1 electron goes to cytochrome C via the Rieske Fe-S then to cytochrome C1

The other electron goes back to Q via cytochrome bL then bH to form Semiquinone.
Leads to pumping of 2H+

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18
Q

How is the Semiquinone made into a quinone?

A

Second cycle of Co-enzyme Q donates one electron to the Semiquinone to form quinone.

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19
Q

How many electrons can Co-enzyme Q carry?

A

2 electrons

20
Q

How many electrons can cytochrome C carry?

A

1

21
Q

What does Complex IV consist of?

A

Consists of:

  • Cu
  • Heme a & a3.
22
Q

1)What is the name of Complex IV?

A

It is Cytochrome Oxidase.

23
Q

Pathway of Electrons in Complex IV

A

Cu–>heme a –> heme a3 –> cu –> then FINALLY TO oxygen.

Oxygen remains tightly bound to complex IV, until it’s finally reduced.
This prevents release of potentially damaging intermediates forming.

24
Q

How many H+ removed from matrix at Complex IV?

A

8H+ removed from matrix.
4H+ used to form water.
4H+ pumped into the intermembrane space.

25
Q

What is the Chemiosmotic Theory?

A

There is a proton gradient, which generates a proton motive force.
This drives the mechanism for ATP synthesis.

26
Q

Equation for ATP Synthaeses?

A

ADP + Pi –> ATP

27
Q

Structure of ATP Syntheases?

A

F1:

  • Protrudes into the matrix.
  • Consists of Alpha + Beta Subunits.

F0:

  • spans the membrane.
  • consists of disks of c-proteins.
28
Q

How does ATP syntheases work?

A
  • B subunit bind to ADP.
  • Gamma Axle rotates due to protons entering C-proteins.
  • This squeezes B subunit causing a conformational change which leads to formation and release of ATP.
29
Q

How many ATP molecules are created per revolution?

A

3.

30
Q

What is P/O Ratio?

A

The amount of ATP produced per oxygen atom reduced by the respiratory chain.

31
Q

What is P/O ratio of:
NADH-linked Substrate
FADH2-linked Substrate

A
  1. 7

1. 6

32
Q

What is State 1 in Respiratory control?

A

Avaliability ADP and Substrate level

33
Q

What is State 2 in Respiratory Control?

A

Availability of Substrate ONLY

34
Q

What is State 3 in Respiratory control?

A

The ETC capacity?

35
Q

What is State 4 in Respiratory control?

A

Availability of ADP alone.

36
Q

What is State 5 in Respiratory control

A

Availability of oxygen

37
Q

What state are most cells in?

A

State 4

38
Q

During exersise which state of respiratory control

A

3/5

39
Q

What happens to the free energy that is not used?

A

It is released as heat. Important because it ensures unidirectional flow of ATP

40
Q

What do barbituates do?

A 
Affect complex I
eg:
-Amobarbital
-Rotenone
-Piercidin A
41
Q

Which poisons affect Complex II?

A

Malonate

42
Q

Which poisons affect complex III

A

Actimycin A + Dimercaprol

43
Q

Which poisons affect complex IV?

A

Cyanide
Carbon monoxide
H2S

44
Q

What blocks flow of protons through ATP Synthaese?

A

Oligomycin

45
Q

What do uncouplers do? give an example?

A

Oxidation becomes uncoupled from phosphorylation.

2,4 Dinitrophenol is an uncoupler.

Biochemistry 2015 (11 decks)

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