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Biochemistry 2015 > Carbohydrates (Chapter 15) > Flashcards

Carbohydrates (Chapter 15) Flashcards

1
Q

Classify Monosacharides

A

trioses, tetraoses etc etc.

Aldoses or ketoses.

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2
Q

1) What is a polyol?
2) What are they used for?
3) Properties?

A

1) This is a monosaccharide where the aldehyde/ketone has been reduced to form an alcohol
2) They are used for weight reduction in food manufacturing and for diabetics.
3) Poorly absorbed. Yield half the energy of a normal monosaccharide.

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3
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

via condensation reactions.

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4
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

What is important to remember about them in regards to humans?

A

3-10 monosaccharides condensed together.

Oligosaccharides cannot be digested by humans.

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5
Q

1) What type of bond is cyclic glucose held by?
2) Which form is most thermodynamically favourable?
3) Which 3D shape is glucose?

A

1) Hemiacetal bond.
2) Cyclic form is most thermodynamically favourable.
3) Glucose is a chair shape…

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6
Q

Types of Isomerism in Carbohydrates?

A
  1. D and L isomerism
  2. Pyranose and Furanose
  3. Anomers
  4. Epimers
  5. Aldose and Ketose Isomers
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7
Q

Most natural form D or L?

A

D

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8
Q

Pyranose and Fyranose ring, and which is most common for glucose?

A

Pyran - 6 Carbon ring
Furan - 5 Carbon ring.

Pyran is most common for Glucose.

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9
Q

what bond joins ring of:

1) Aldose
2) ketose

A

1) Aldose are joint via Hemiacetal bond.

2) Ketose ring are join via Hemiketal bond.

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10
Q

What are the epimers of glucose?

A

Mannose, Galactose

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11
Q

Enantiomer of D Glucose?

A

L Glucose.

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12
Q

Disenantiomer of D Glucose

A

L galactose.

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13
Q

How can we test for glucose and why is it easy?

A

Aldoses are Reducing Agents.

Thus it is easy to test by using reduction of ALKALINE COPPER solution.

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14
Q

How can Glycosides form?

A

Glycosides formed when there is a condensation reaction between the:
-OH on the Anomeric carbon and a second compound.

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15
Q

What is an Algycone?

A

An Algycone is a glycoside where the second compound is not another sugar.

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16
Q

When are O-Glycosides formed?

What type of bond is it?

A

When the second group has an OH.

The bond is an acetal bond.

17
Q

When are N-glycosides formed?

A

When the second group is a amine group.

18
Q

What is common feature for all cardiac glycosides?

Give examples of Cardiac glycoside and what they do.

A

The Algycone group of a cardiac glycoside is always a STEROID.

eg: Oubain - somali poison.
Affects the Na+/K+ ATPase.
Streptomycin is another.

19
Q

Which deoxy sugar do we find in glycoproteins

A

deoxy - L - Fructose.

20
Q

Which deoxy sugar used an an inhibtor of glucose metabolism?

A

2 deoxyglucose.

21
Q

What are glucoamines (Hexoamines) a component of?

A

1) Glycoproteins
2) Gangliosides
3) Glycosaminoglycans

22
Q

What are invert sugars?

A

The hydrolysis of sucrose yields fructose which is strongly levarotary

23
Q

1) What is starch?
2) What do we call the glyycosidic chain
2) which chains compose starch?

A

1) starch is a homopolymer of glucose.
2) We call the glycosidic chain: “Glucosan” or “Glucan”
3)It is composed of:
-AMYLOSE : non branched helical starch.
has 1-4 bonds
-AMYLOPECTIN: Branches starch.
has 24-30 glucose molecules consisting of 1-4 and 1-6(branch point) bonds.

24
Q

What is the “Glycemic index”?

A

The glycemic index is a measure of:
-starchy foods digestibility
We see how much the blood glucose concentration rises compared to the reference.

25
Q

How does glycogen differ to amylopectin?

what are the similarities?

A

Glycogen is more branched than amylopectin.

The similarities are that they both have the 1-4 and 1-6 bonds.

26
Q

What is Inulin?

What can it be used for?

A

Polymer of fructose.

It’s very soluble in water so can be used to determine glomular filtration rate.

27
Q

What are Dextrins?

A

These are “intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch”.

28
Q

Type of bonds found in Cellulose?

Significance of these?

A

B1-4 bonds between B-D-glucose.
We have no enzymes to digest these.
However there is some bacterial metabolism of cellulose in the human colon.

29
Q

What is Chitin?

A

Chitin is a polysaccharide in the exoskeleton of crustaceans.

It contains N-acetyl-D-Glycosamine joint via B1-4 bonds.

30
Q

What is pectin?

A

Polymer of galacturonic acid joint by alpha1-4 bonds.

31
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans?

A

Carbohydrates containing:

  • Amino Sugars
  • Uronic acid
32
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Glycosaminoglycans + protein molecule.

33
Q

Examples of Proteoglycans?

A
  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Chondroitin 4-sulfate
  • Heparin
34
Q

What is Hyaluronic acid made up of?

A

B- Glucuronic Acid

N-Acetylglucosamine

35
Q

What is Chondroitin 4 Sulfate made up of?

A

B- Glucuronic Acid

N-Acetylgalactosamine sulfate

36
Q

What is Heparin made up of?

A

Sulfated glucosamine

Sulfated iduronic acid.

Biochemistry 2015 (11 decks)

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