The Reproductive Systems

Question 1

seminiferous tubules

Answer 1

where the sperm are made

Question 2

Sertoli cells

Answer 2

nourish the sperm

Question 3

interstitial cells of Leydig

Answer 3

secrete testosterone and other androgens

Question 4

spermatogenesis

Answer 4

• occurs in the seminiferous tubules
• spermatogonium: diploid stem cells
• primary spermatocytes: after S phase, diploid
• secondary spermatocytes: after meiosis I, haploid
• spermatids: after meiosis II, haploid
• spermatozoa: mature

Question 5

acrosome

Answer 5

sperm cap derived from the Golgi

Question 6

how does sperm make ATP

Answer 6

mitochondria in the mid piece use fructose to make ATP

Question 7

sperms path out

Answer 7

• made in the seminiferous tubules
• epididymis for flagellar maturation and storage
• vas deferens
• ejaculatory duct
• urethra

Question 8

seminal fluid

Answer 8

• made by seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland
• has fructose for fuel
• mildly alkaline to combact acidic vagina

Question 9

bulbourethral gland

Answer 9

makes precum to clean urine out of urethra and lube it up

Question 10

ovum anatomy

Answer 10

• zona pellucida
  -acellular mix of glycoproteins to protect the ovum and has compounds needed for sperm binding
• corona radiata
  -layer of cells that adhere during ovulation
• 1st polar body

Question 11

primary oocyte

Answer 11

• in ovary
• arrested in prophase I
• diploid

Question 12

secondary oocyte

Answer 12

• only one made a month normally
• arrested in metaphase II
• haploid
• will only complete meiosis II if fertilized

Question 13

mature ovum

Answer 13

• includes a 2nd polar body
• only has a pronuclei as the parental nuclei haven’t fused

Question 14

zygote

Answer 14

• diploid
• result of the mature ovum pronuclei joining

Question 15

male sexual development

Answer 15

• FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation
• LH causes interstital cells of Leydig to make testosterone
• testosterone has a (-) feedback loop on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 16

phases of the mentrual cycle

Answer 16

• follicular
• ovulation
• luteal
• menstruation

Question 17

follicular phase

Answer 17

• starts with a peroid
• estrogen and progesterone drop which triggers GnRH secretion from the hypothalmus
• GnRH triggers secretion of FSH and LH
• FSH and LH develop several ovarian follicles (primary oocytes)
• follicles produce estrogen which drops GnRH, FSH, and LH
• estrogen triggers endometrial regrowth and decidua formation

Question 18

ovulation

Answer 18

• high estrogen causes a spike in GnRH, FSH, and LH
• LH spike induces ovulation

Question 19

luteal phase

Answer 19

• LH causes the ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum
• corpus luteum secretes progesterone
• high progesterone drops GnRH, FSH, and LH to prevent multiovulation

Question 20

menstruation

Answer 20

• corpus luetum loses LH stimulation so progesterone drops
• decidua shed
• drop in progesterone and estrogen unblock GnRH and the cycle repeats

Question 21

pregnancy

Answer 21

• zygote turns into a blastocyst
• implantation and secretion of hCG (an anolog of LH) maintains the corpus luteum
• hCG vital in 1st trimester to keep progesterone and estrogen up
• 2nd timester the placenta is big enough to secrete its own estrogen and progesterone which block GnRH release

Question 22

menopause

Answer 22

• ovaries become less sensitive to FSH and LH and atrophy
• progesteron and estrogen drop
• endometrium atrophies
• no more (-) feedback so FSH and LH spike