The Reproductive system

Question 1

What does seminal fluid contain and where is it made?

Answer 1

Fructose
citric acid,
bicarbonate (to balance the acidity of vagina), fibrinogen and fibrinolytic enzymes (break down barriers on the way to the egg)
Made in seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland * see diagram, prostate gland also contributes

Question 2

What is the penis made from?

Answer 2

2x Corpora cavernosa

1x corpora spongiosium (muscles)

Question 3

How do ejection and ejection occur?

Answer 3

Erection = parasympathetic stimulation -> arteries relax -> increasing pressure-> puts pressure on venous drainage -> engorgment
Ejaculation = sympathetic stimulation
(Point and shoot )

Question 4

What is the male gland and where and how are they stored?

Answer 4

The testes/testicles:

In the scrotum ( 2-3 degrees lower than normal body temperature to maintain sperm production)

Question 5

Where is the spermatic cord formed and what does it contain?

Answer 5

Formed at deep inguinal ring

Contains several structures inc:
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus (V)
Autonomic and GF nerves
Lymph vessels 
Vas deferns

Question 6

Where is the sperm stored?

Answer 6

Epididymis / comma shaped structure

Question 7

Where are the ovaries and what is on top of them?

Answer 7

Peritoneal cavity

Fimbriae

Question 8

What are the layers of the uterus?

Answer 8

Inside outwards:
Endometrium (lots of spiral arterioles, susceptible to hormone change)
Myometrium
Perimetrium

Question 9

What is cervix made of

Answer 9

Internal and external os

External os cells - Smear test for cervical cancer

Question 10

What is the vagina?

Answer 10

Non sterile whereas the test above cervix is sterile (bc of cervix closure and mucus)
Has lactic acidosis which lowers pH (laftivacillus vaginalis)

Question 11

What is inside the Fallopian tubes

Answer 11

Cilia and spiral muscle

Question 12

Where does fertilization occur

Answer 12

Wde part of Fallopian tube

Question 13

Where does gametogenesis occur m and f

Answer 13

Testes and ovaries

Question 14

Males gametogenesis

Answer 14

Starts at puberty
Spermatogonia undergo differentiation and self renewal
Pool available through life (continuous fertility
~1500 sperm a s)

Spermatogonium (44XY)
Mitosis
Primary spermatocytee
Meitotic div
Secondsary meitotic div making spermatozoa

Question 15

What connects the epididymis to the urethra ?

Answer 15

Vas / ductus deferens

Question 16

Where is the male urethra?

Answer 16

In the prostate (chestnut size gland )which sits under the bladder

Question 17

What are the testes surrounded by?

Answer 17

3 connective tissues: (outside inwards)

• tunica vaginalis
• tunica albuginea
• tunica vasculosa (bv in here)

Question 18

What is inside the testes?

Answer 18

300 lobules with 1-4 seminiferous tubules w septs that are between each set which drains into the rete testers then into epidydimis which drain in vas deferens

Question 19

What is the clinical importance of the vas deference muscle?

Answer 19

What is cut In a vasectomy

Question 20

Arterial blood supply of testes?

Answer 20

Testicular arteries from the aorta via the spermatic cord

Question 21

Lymphatic drainage of testes?

Answer 21

Para-aortic lymph nodes

Question 22

How does the egg travel from the ovary?

Answer 22

Egg collected by fibres and passes through Fallopian tube which has cilia and spiral muscles which help waft the egg along

Question 23

What do bulbo-urethral glands in males do?

Answer 23

It’s below prostate

Secretes sugar -rich mucus into urethra for lubrications and contributes to pre-ejaculatory emissions from the penis

Question 24

Where does fertilisation happen?

Answer 24

Ampula. (Widest area of Fallopian tube)

Question 25

When progesterone levels drop what happens to the endometrium?

Answer 25

Constriction of arterioles which causes ischemia of endometrial layer and therefore shedding (menstrual pain)

Question 26

Arterial blood supply to ovaries and uterus/vagina?

Answer 26

Ovaries: ovarian arteries from aorta

Uterus/vagina: uterine arteries from internal iliac arteries

Question 27

Lymphatic drainage in ovaries and uterus/vagina?

Answer 27

Ovaries: para-aortic LNs

Uterus/vagina: iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal LNs

Question 28

What supports the uterus?

Answer 28

Tone of pelvic floor and ligaments

Question 29

Where is the ureter

Answer 29

1cm lateral to cervix

*imp for cervical cancer

Question 30

difference between germ cells at birth vs rest of life for males?

Answer 30

6 million at birth, mostly still there at puberty and don’t decline much throughout life = continuous fertility if hormones good

Question 31

When does male gametogenesis begin?

Answer 31

puberty

spematogonia undergo differentiation and self renewal

Question 32

how many mature sperm are produced per second?

Answer 32

1500

Question 33

female germ cells? (oogonia)

Answer 33

6 million before birth but by birth they decrease (2mil)
form primary oocytes within ovarian follicle
begin meiosis and are held in a suspended phase (prophase)until puberty (1/2 ,il)
lose most by menopause and lose reproductive hormones so limited fertility remains

Question 34

seminiferous tubules structure?

Answer 34

Tunica propria
spermatogonium(germ cells)
primary spermatocyte
Sertoli cell within tubule and help w hormones to make sperm
and on the outside of it there are Leydig cells

Question 35

sertoli cells:

Answer 35

In sf tubules
hav FSH receptors
their function
supprt developing germ cells
assist germ cell movement to tubular lumen
transfer nutrients to germ cells from capillaries
Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells
HORMONE SYNTHESIS
- inhibin and activin - or fsh
antimullerian hormone (AMH) - degenerate fallopian tubes
androgen binding protein (ABP) - gets testosterone to right place

Question 36

Leydig cell

Answer 36

between sf tubules
pale cytoplasm as cholesterol rich
LH receptors
Function:
hormone synth bc of LH stimulation:
make androgens - testosterone
androstenedione
dehydroepiandrosterone
can be aromatised to oestrogens

Question 37

female gametogenesis

Answer 37

oogenesis:
2n mitosis = 2n x 2 (primary oocytes) in 2nd trimester of pregnancy
at menarche:
2 meiotic div
then differentiation after sperm fusion = OVA