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Endocrinology > Sex hormones > Flashcards

Sex hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in puberty?

A
  • maturation of reproductive organs
  • production of sex steroids e.g. Oestradiol/testosterone
  • development of secondary sexual characteristics
  • attain the capability to reproduce
  • therarchs (breast development)
  • genitalia ( testicular vol)
  • pubarche (pubic hair -both)
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2
Q

Tanner I - (breasts)?

A

No glandular tissue, areola follows the skin contour of chest
(<10 yrs) = prepubertal

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3
Q

Tanner II (breasts)?

A

Breast bud forms, small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen (10-11.5)

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4
Q

Tanner III breasts?

A

Breast begins to become more elevated and extends beyond borders of areola
areola continues to widen but remains in contour w surrounding breast
(11.5-13)

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5
Q

Tanner IV breasts?

A

Increased breast sizing and elevation
Areola and papilla form a secondary mound from the contour of the surrounding breast
(13-15)

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6
Q

Tanner V breasts?

A

breasts reach full adult size, areola returns to the contour of the surrounding breast, with a projecting central papilla. (15+)

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7
Q

Tanner I male genitals?

A

testicular vol less than 1.5ml; small penis (prepubertal) (typically age 9 and under)

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8
Q

Tanner II male genitals?

A

Testicular vol between 1.6 & 6ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged (9-11)

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9
Q

Tanner III male genitals?

A

testicular volume between 6 and 12 ml
scrotum enlarges
penis begins to lengthen
(11-12.5)

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10
Q

Tanner IV male genitals?

A

Testicular volume between 12 and 20 ml; scrotum enlarges further and darkens
penis increases in length
(12.5-14)

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11
Q

Tanner V male genitals?

A

testicular vol > 20 ml

adult scrotum and penis (14+)

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12
Q

what does arche mean?

A

onset of

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13
Q

what does arche mean?

A

onset of

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14
Q

What secondary sexual characteristics are caused by oestradiol?

A

Breast development
hair growth - pubic, axillary
sweat galnds composition - skin oiliness/acne
changes to external genitalia.

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15
Q

What secondary sexual characteristics are caused by Testosterone?

A

Deepening of voice
Hair growth - pubic then axillary, facial
sweat gland composition - skin oiliness/acne
changes to external genitalia

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16
Q

What is gonadarche, menarche, spermarche, adrenarche

A
  1. Activation of gonads by HPG axis
  2. menstrual cycle onset
  4. Adrenal glands producing androgens
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17
Q

Puberty sequence for girls

A

Onset : 8-13

  1. Breast tanner (11-15) (1st sign ~ thelarche)
  2. Pubic hair tanner 11.15-15)
  3. Growth spurt = t 2-3
  4. Menarche at 5 (late sign)
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18
Q

Pubert

A

Testes tanner 12- 16
Pubic hair tanner ( 12-16)
Growth spurt at 3-4
Spermaerche 4-5?

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19
Q

Adrenarche?

A

Starts earlier than gonadarcge but takes a while to build up to produce pubic hair

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20
Q

Gonadarche

A

Activation of HPG axis

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21
Q

What is HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamic Pityut

Normal GbRh secretion is pulsatility
Gonadotroph releasing hormone

22
Q

Activation of HPG axis

A

Mini puberty- Foetal -> infant ( testicular descent, penile length

-quiescent

Puberty

23
Q

Abnormal onset of puberty

A

Delayed puberty >14. Yrs = more common in boys

Precocious

24
Q

Menarche

A

~2.3 years after thelarche
Soon after peak height velocity (PHV)
Mean age 12.7 yrs
If absence of period at 16 years =

25
Q

Menstrual cycles

A

~28 days (24-35 days)

+- 2 days

26
Q

What is Amenhoroea

A

C

27
Q

What is oligomenorhoea

A

C

28
Q

What happens in the first stage of the mebstrysl cycke

A 
Follicular phase:
1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. 2-3 follicles start to grow 
3. Produce E2 and Inhibin B
4. These reduce FSH by -be feedback
5. Restricts FAH Windsor and non dominant follicles undergo atresia ~ smaller ones as they  are more fish dependent than larger
The one that survives =
29
Q

Ovulation

A

Day 14

30
Q

What happens to the remenants of thevfollifsle

A

Form corpus luteum which stimulates progesterone and owsreadiol (luteal phase)

31
Q

Why is progesterone important?

A

Builds up the lining of the endometrium

32
Q

Explain the stages of the menstrual cycke in terms of the endometrium

A 
Mebstryal phase (shhedddijg. )
Proliferation’s phase (oestradiol)
33
Q

what happens at fertilisation

A

Embryo implanted in endometrium
Produces beta -hCG

Corpus luteum has receptors and so if beta HCG there progesterone kept

34
Q

Non pulsatile gnrh

A

…

35
Q

How do you measure gnrh

A

Can’t in blood so you use serum LH

36
Q

Xx

A

Cv

37
Q

Hypogonadism

A

Decreased oestrogen/oestrogen in a woman
Decreases testosterone in a man

Primary ~ prob w testes or ovaries
Results in reduced negative feed back , increases LH /FSH , low E2/Testo

Secondary hypogonadism- related to pituitary or hypothalamus
Decreased levels of LH FSH

38
Q

Common cause of primary hypogonadism ?

A

Men - e.g infection/ trauma /cancer of testes

Women - menopause is commonest

39
Q

Common causes of secondary hypogonadism

A

Pituitary tumour, high prolactin

40
Q

Menopause

A

Primary hypogonadism
Low E2
High LG / FSH

41
Q

Symptoms of menopause- osteoporosis

A

Lack of oestrofiol:

  • skin dryness / hair thinning
  • hot flushes / sweating / sleep disturbance
  • mood disturbance
42
Q

Oestrodiol vs oestrogen

A

Many diff types of oestrogen buy oestrodiol is the main one we measure

43
Q

Treatment of menopause

A

Oestrogen replacement

44
Q

What is ovarian reserve

A

Number of eggs in ovaries before menopause

Can measure AMH

45
Q

When does menopause usually occur and what is earlier or later?

A

Avg = 51 (44-45)

46
Q

PremAture ovarian insufficiency

A

Same symp as menopause

47
Q

What happens to testosterone as you age?

A

Norm start decreasing by 1% after 75

But free decreases by more be of increased SHBF (more bound)

48
Q

Free hormone testosterone

A

SHBG?
Albumin?
Bioavailable
Only 2% of testosterone = free

49
Q

What rhythm does testosterone have?

A
  • diunural
    Higher in the morning ( measure before am)
    Sugar can also decrease it so measure in fasting
50
Q

Testosterone deficiency

A

Sexual dysfunction (reduced libido), erectile dysfunction (loss of early morning erections)
Hair growth - frequency of shaving ?
….

51
Q

Effects of testosterone in local tissues?

A

!!

Endocrinology (8 decks)

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