The Renaissance

Question 1

The French word “renaissance” means “_____” and is now a popular term used to describe the historical period roughly from the late 13th to the early 17th century.

Answer 1

rebirth

Question 2

During The Renaissance, Europe saw this revival of classical learning and the rise of classical _____, a philosophic approach that placed more emphasis on the individual and the secular.

Answer 2

humanism

Question 3

Classical humanism emphasized the worth, dignity, and rationality of man. Renaissance humanists agreed with the Greek philosopher Protagoras, who affirmed that “_____ is the measure of all things.”

Answer 3

man

Question 4

The Renaissance began in _____ and later spread throughout Europe.

Answer 4

Italy

Question 5

Historians generally regard the Renaissance as a bridge, culturally and intellectually, from _____ to _____.

Answer 5

the Middle Ages to the modern era

Question 6

During the Renaissance, there was a rebirth of _____ ideals, mainly _____, rationalism, and balance, based on the belief that classical literary, scientific, and philosophical works provided additional resources for learning and living.

Answer 6

classical, humanism

Question 7

Epistomology is the study of _____________.

Answer 7

knowledge and thinking

Question 8

The _____ Period:

witnessed the revival of classical art, literature, philosophy, architecture, and learning,
spawned renewed study of the great works of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations, and
produced among the finest artistic and intellectual achievements in the history of Western Humanities.

Answer 8

Renaissance

Question 9

One of the most significant ideas to emerge from the Renaissance is the value of _____, particularly in the Humanities.

Answer 9

education

Question 10

The rise of the _____ Empire cut off the overland trade in silks and spices between Europe and the Far East that used to come along the Silk Road*

Answer 10

Ottoman

Question 11

Inciting the _____ Reformation, Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses challenged the doctrine of papal infallibility and rejected the Catholic Church as the necessary intermediary between the faithful and God.

Answer 11

Protestant

Question 12

Historians mark the start of the Reformation as 1517, when German theologian Martin Luther issued his _____.

Answer 12

Ninety-Five Theses

Question 13

The dominant Renaissance cultural and intellectual movement was classical _____, which emphasized the worth, dignity, and rationality of man.

Answer 13

humanism

Question 14

Classical humanism also stressed the individual’s role in the social and political order by emphasizing general responsibilities of citizenship and respect for public duty. It held that participating in the political life of the community was a/an _____.

Answer 14

obligation

Question 15

Machiavelli’s _____ is a treatise on how to govern. The book has become quite controversial because of the basic theme suggesting that leaders can use _____ to achieve their ends.

Answer 15

The Prince, whatever means necessary

Question 16

Castiglione uses _____, a literary form that incorporates elements of drama, conversation, philosophy, and essay.

Answer 16

Renaissance dialogue

Question 17

_____ of the arts allowed troupes to settle into a city, build a playhouse, and take up theater as a profession.

Answer 17

Patronage

Question 18

Marlowe, whose treatment of religion directly references the Protestant Reformation and the eternal struggle between good and evil. He wrote the historical tragedy _____.

Answer 18

Doctor Faustus

Question 19

_____ is the tale of a scholar who finds himself dissatisfied with the boundaries of academic pursuits. He decides to learn magic and sells his soul to Lucifer in exchange for 24 years of service from Mephistopheles, a devil.

Answer 19

Doctor Faustus

Question 20

Two of the innovations in Renaissance art were the widespread use of _____ painting as a medium and the development of mathematical or linear _____ in painting.

Answer 20

oil, perspective

Question 21

_____ architecture featured the revival of the dome and the fashioning of secular structures, including palaces, residences, theaters, and libraries.

Answer 21

Renaissance

Question 22

_____ creates the illusion of depth through gradations of light and shade.

Answer 22

Chiaroscuro

Question 23

The School of Athens was painted by _____.

Answer 23

Raphael

Question 24

One popular form of music during the Renaissance was the _____, a polyphonic vocal work that set a pastoral poem to music. It used a technique called “_____ _____,” in which notes would ascend or descend depending on the literal textual meaning.

Answer 24

madrigal, word painting

Question 25

One of the stylistic advances in Renaissance music was the marriage of _____ _____ to the sounds of musical notes.

Answer 25

written text

Question 26

Renaissance music departed from the music of the Middle Ages by having a less _____ focus.

Answer 26

religious

Question 27

The lyrics to madrigals were _____ rather than _____ in nature.

Answer 27

secular, religious

Question 28

_____ culture made an impact throughout Europe, as its artists carved hunting scenes and motifs on ivory for European royalty.

Answer 28

African

Question 29

The Spanish "_____ Age" resulted from Spain's acquisition of gold and silver from the Americas.

Answer 29

Golden

Question 30

The invention of the printing press by Johannes _____ revolutionized mass communication throughout Europe.

Answer 30

Gutenberg

Question 31

Italian glassmakers were inspired by the beauty, color, and luster of _____ glass and pottery.

Answer 31

Islamic

Question 32

The Renaissance period's fascination with the human form, as expressed in the sculptures of Michelangelo, for instance, gave rise to an exploration of _____.

Answer 32

the human body itself

Question 33

At a _____ _____ school, even those majoring in biology are required to take a broad range of courses, and special emphasis is placed on the skills learned in the Humanities.

Answer 33

liberal arts

Question 34

Poetry written in a metered fashion, typically iambic pentameter, but which does not rhyme

Answer 34

blank verse

Question 35

A challenge to or rejection of the orthodox doctrine of a religion or church.

Answer 35

heresy

Question 36

The cultural movement of the Renaissance, based on Greek and Roman classic literature, that emphasized the dignity, worth, and rationality of humankind.

Answer 36

classical humanism

Question 37

A term describing an individual with broad knowledge and versatile talents spanning many intellectual and artistic disciplines.

Answer 37

Renaissance Man

Question 38

As a result of _____, cities accumulated wealth and channeled some of this newfound wealth into funding the arts.

Answer 38

urbanization

Question 39

_____ treated abstract themes very concretely

Answer 39

Allegory

Question 40

Most historians date the start of the Age of Enlightenment in the West from the end of the _____ century.

Answer 40

17th

Question 41

During _____, philosophers questioned the "divine right of kings", and that challenge inevitably led to political reform and, in some cases, revolution.

Answer 41

The Enlightenment

Question 42

Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin were key figures in this era.

Answer 42

The Enlightenment

Question 43

_____ was the practice of basing knowledge on sensory experience.

Answer 43

empiricism

Question 44

The 18th-century philosopher Immanuel _____ maintained that the motto of the Enlightenment was "_____"

Answer 44

Kant, Dare to use your own understanding!

Question 45

The school of "_____ _____" was prominent during the Enlightenment to ensure that philosophers reached conclusions based on reason, not prejudice.

Answer 45

rational skepticism

Question 46

Empiricism may be defined as basing ideas and theories on the direct experience of the senses, including experimentation, as opposed to knowledge gained from _____.

Answer 46

books

Question 47

_____ is a belief system that credits God as the original architect of the universe's natural laws but who does not currently oversee the events of the world.

Answer 47

deism

Question 48

Deism was also called the "_____ _____," a reference to a watchmaker's role in creating a watch but relative neglect once it was completed and events are set into action.

Answer 48

watchmaker God

Question 49

_____ drafted the The Declaration of Independence. He served as the _____ President of the United States and founded the University of _____.

Answer 49

Thomas Jefferson, third, Virginia

Question 50

_____ captures in a succinct and powerful way the relationship among humanism, Enlightenment philosophy, and political governance. It established the idea of a new nation that was a product of the philosophies of the era.

Answer 50

The Declaration of Independence

Question 51

A group of French public intellectuals called the _____, who spearheaded the Enlightenment, often faced imprisonment or exile for writing against political and religious authorities.

Answer 51

philosophes

Question 52

The Declaration of Independence was penned primarily by _____ in _____.

Answer 52

Thomas Jefferson, 1776

Question 53

Deists did not practice worship or ritual, since they did not believe in _____, but instead strove to understand the order that God put into place.

Answer 53

divine intervention

Question 54

Empiricists believed that all knowledge is derived through _____ and based on ideas and theories on testing, observation, and experience.

Answer 54

our senses

Question 55

_____ departed from both rationalism and empiricism in that it criticized our ability to perceive and understand the world around us, acknowledging the limitations of _____.

Answer 55

Skepticism, human reasoning

Question 56

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the native peoples encountered through trade and colonization were, in some ways, _____, arguing that a person is at his or her best in wholly natural environments and is corrupted by the environments of _____.

Answer 56

morally superior, society

Question 57

Denis _____ helped create the greatest encyclopedia in the 18th century. He wrote philosophical dialogues that explored the theory and consequence of _____: the idea that the universe is entirely composed of matter and without a God.

Answer 57

Diderot, materialism

Question 58

John _____ was one of the most influential philosophers and political theorists in British history. Many current ideas about selfhood, identity, and the way the mind works come from him. He also wrote highly influential books on government, providing a basis for the _____ political experiment.

Answer 58

Locke, American

Question 59

Mary _____ was an English writer, philosopher, and feminist who argued for the advancement of women, affirming that women were capable of rationality and that they should be _____.

Answer 59

Wollstonecraft, educated

Question 60

The Enlightenment cultivated the _____, a longer form of prose that allowed for more complex plot and character development.

Answer 60

novel

Question 61

_____ authored the novel _____ which satirizes the idea that this world is the best possible and instead encourages people to examine critically their traditions.

Answer 61

Volaire, Candide

Question 62

Jonathan Swift authored the satire novel _____.

Answer 62

Gulliver's Travels

Question 63

_____ authored the satire novel Gulliver's Travels.

Answer 63

Jonathan Swift

Question 64

This novel by Voltaire indicts outdated social and political practices.

Answer 64

Candide

Question 65

Neoclassical playwrights turned to subjects based on classical _____.

Answer 65

myths

Question 66

Everything from the wardrobe to the motions and gestures of the characters on the stage characterized _____ theater's grandiosity and opulence.

Answer 66

Neoclassical

Question 67

Neoclassical theater featured "the comedy of _____."

Answer 67

manners

Question 68

The use of female actors in _____ plays was a new convention in England that allowed playwrights to focus on the tragic interplay between men and women.

Answer 68

Neoclassical

Question 69

Jean Batiste _____ (stage name _____) was a leading playwright from France.

Answer 69

Poquelin, Molière

Question 70

In his comedy _____, Molière uses _____ to critique false religious piety and to highlight the contrasts between irrationality and reason.

Answer 70

Tartuffe, satire

Question 71

A predominant type of comedy in Neoclassical theatre was "comedy of manners" that satirized the behavior of _____.

Answer 71

the upper classes