The reign of Henry VIII after 1529 Flashcards
What were the early reforms of this period intent on doing?
Pressure the church and remove its influence in England
When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
1533
When was the Act of Supremacy?
1534
What did the Act in Restraint of appeals do?
Stopped Catherine of Aragon from appealing to Rome to stop the divorce
What did the Act of Supremacy do?
Confirmed Henry VIII as head of the Church of England
What were two religious developments towards Protestantism?
Matthews Bible
Royal Injunctions
When and what was Matthews Bible?
1537 a protestant version of the bible
When and what were Royal injunctions?
1538 which discouraged pilgrimages
What two pieces of evidence suggest that England was actually remaining a catholic nation?
Execution of John Lambert
The Six Articles
When and why was John Lambert executed?
1538 burnt to death for denying transubstantiation
When and what was the Act of Six Articles?
1539 confirmed transubstantiation and denied both kinds of communion
What was the most dangerous opposition to the religious changes in 1536?
The Pilgrimage of grace
What were three individual cases of opposition to Henry’s religious changes?
Thomas More
John Fisher
Charterhouse Monks
What was the pilgrimage of grace a response to?
The dissolution of the monasteries
When were the two phases of the dissolution of the monasteries?
1536
1539 - 1540
What monasteries were closed in 1536?
Monasteries that had an income below £200
What gave Cromwell the necessary means to conduct the dissolution of the monasteries?
Cromwell’s visitations in 1535 in which he found many monasteries to be decayed
Why did Cromwell want the dissolution?
He was a protestant and pushed for protestant changes
What did Henry have to gain from the dissolution?
It would increase Henry’s wealth
What did Cromwell’s 1535 visitations conclude about monks?
The monks behaviour was poor however this was exaggerated to persuade parliament to allow the dissolution
What did Cromwell promise Henry in terms of finance?
To make Henry the “richest man in Christendom”
Why was money important to Henry following the break from Rome?
He needed to prepare for potential catholic crusade in England
How many men did the Pilgrimage of grace raise?
40,000
How many men could Henry raise to face the Pilgrimage of grace?
8,000
Name two successes that the pilgrimage of grace had
Captured Pontefract castle which was seen as the gateway to the south
They gained control of York
What action taken by the Pilgrimage of grace suggests that it was a religious uprising?
They marched under the five wounds of Christ banner
The rebels restored some dissolved monasteries
What was the non religious factor that drove rebels under the pilgrimage of grace?
Enclosures as they were common place around York
How did Henry deal with the Pilgrimage of grace?
He Invited the leader Robert Aske to Christmas dinner
What happened to Robert Aske following the Pilgrimage of grace and Henry’s invitation?
He was executed in 1537
When was Henry’s excommunication from the Catholic Church?
1538
What marriage did Cromwell organise for Henry and why was it a disaster?
Anne of Cleves, Henry was unable to consummate the marriage claiming she was too unattractive
Why did Cromwell push for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves?
She would have brought England closer to protestant German princes
What suggests that the marriage to Anne of Cleves was not responsible for Cromwell’s demise?
Cromwell was given the title Earl of Essex after the marriage
Which faction was most likely responsible for Cromwell’s fall?
The Catholic faction
Who was in charge of the Catholic faction?
Stephen Gardiner
Duke of Norfolk
How did the Catholic faction gain significant influence over Henry?
They enticed Henry with Norfolk’s second niece Catherine Howard
Why does Henry’s infatuation with Catherine Howard increase the Catholic factions influence?
Made Henry more likely to listen to their stories about Cromwell
Why were the Catholic faction against Cromwell?
Cromwell pushed the country towards Protestantism
When was Cromwell executed?
July 1540 on the same day Henry married Catherine Howard
What did Catherine Howard think of Henry?
She quickly became tired of him and was unable to pretend she loved him
How did Thomas Cranmer remove the Catholic factions influence?
He told Henry via letter about Catherin Howard’s adultery and pre-marital affairs which resulted in her execution
Why did Cranmer face issues regarding the Catholic faction?
They claimed he was a heretic and wanted him arrested for divorcing Henry and Catherine of Aragon
How did Henry support Cranmer against the Catholic faction?
He warned him of the plot to arrest him and gave Cranmer the power to investigate the charges himself resulting in them being dropped
Who else did the Catholic faction attack following the failure to arrest Cranmer?
They went after Catherine Parr claiming she was a heretic however she convinced Henry they were wrong resulting in another Catholic faction failure
How did the Catholic faction end?
The Duke of Norfolk was placed in the tower of London and would have been executed had Henry not have died
What two countries did Henry go to war with during the end of his reign?
Scotland and France
When did Henry go to war with Scotland?
1542
Why did Henry go to war with Scotland in 1542?
Henry arranged to meet James IV the earlier year in York but he did not show up
What battle saw England beating Scotland in November 1542?
Soloway Moss
What did Henrys 1542 invasion of Scotland cause?
The treaty of Greenwich 1543
What was the treaty of Greenwich?
Marriage between Mary queen of Scots and Henry’s son Edward
Was the treaty of Greenwich successful?
No as the Scots went against this treaty leading to England’s “rough wooing”
What was rough wooing after the treaty of Greenwich failed?
English border raids of Scotland in an attempt to reinstate the treaty however this did not work
When was Henry at war with France during the later years of his reign?
1542 - 1546
What was the success of Henry’s invasion of France in 1544?
Henry took control of Boulogne
What was the cost of Henry’s latter campaigns against France and Scotland?
£2 million
