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Henry VIII > The reign of Henry VIII after 1529 > Flashcards

The reign of Henry VIII after 1529 Flashcards

1
Q

What were the early reforms of this period intent on doing?

A

Pressure the church and remove its influence in England

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2
Q

When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

A

1533

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3
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy?

A

1534

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4
Q

What did the Act in Restraint of appeals do?

A

Stopped Catherine of Aragon from appealing to Rome to stop the divorce

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5
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy do?

A

Confirmed Henry VIII as head of the Church of England

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6
Q

What were two religious developments towards Protestantism?

A

Matthews Bible
Royal Injunctions

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7
Q

When and what was Matthews Bible?

A

1537 a protestant version of the bible

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8
Q

When and what were Royal injunctions?

A

1538 which discouraged pilgrimages

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9
Q

What two pieces of evidence suggest that England was actually remaining a catholic nation?

A

Execution of John Lambert
The Six Articles

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10
Q

When and why was John Lambert executed?

A

1538 burnt to death for denying transubstantiation

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11
Q

When and what was the Act of Six Articles?

A

1539 confirmed transubstantiation and denied both kinds of communion

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12
Q

What was the most dangerous opposition to the religious changes in 1536?

A

The Pilgrimage of grace

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13
Q

What were three individual cases of opposition to Henry’s religious changes?

A

Thomas More
John Fisher
Charterhouse Monks

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14
Q

What was the pilgrimage of grace a response to?

A

The dissolution of the monasteries

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15
Q

When were the two phases of the dissolution of the monasteries?

A

1536
1539 - 1540

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16
Q

What monasteries were closed in 1536?

A

Monasteries that had an income below £200

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17
Q

What gave Cromwell the necessary means to conduct the dissolution of the monasteries?

A

Cromwell’s visitations in 1535 in which he found many monasteries to be decayed

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18
Q

Why did Cromwell want the dissolution?

A

He was a protestant and pushed for protestant changes

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19
Q

What did Henry have to gain from the dissolution?

A

It would increase Henry’s wealth

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20
Q

What did Cromwell’s 1535 visitations conclude about monks?

A

The monks behaviour was poor however this was exaggerated to persuade parliament to allow the dissolution

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20
Q

What did Cromwell promise Henry in terms of finance?

A

To make Henry the “richest man in Christendom”

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21
Q

Why was money important to Henry following the break from Rome?

A

He needed to prepare for potential catholic crusade in England

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22
Q

How many men did the Pilgrimage of grace raise?

A

40,000

23
Q

How many men could Henry raise to face the Pilgrimage of grace?

A

8,000

24
Q

Name two successes that the pilgrimage of grace had

A

Captured Pontefract castle which was seen as the gateway to the south
They gained control of York

25
Q

What action taken by the Pilgrimage of grace suggests that it was a religious uprising?

A

They marched under the five wounds of Christ banner
The rebels restored some dissolved monasteries

26
Q

What was the non religious factor that drove rebels under the pilgrimage of grace?

A

Enclosures as they were common place around York

27
Q

How did Henry deal with the Pilgrimage of grace?

A

He Invited the leader Robert Aske to Christmas dinner

28
Q

What happened to Robert Aske following the Pilgrimage of grace and Henry’s invitation?

A

He was executed in 1537

29
Q

When was Henry’s excommunication from the Catholic Church?

A

1538

30
Q

What marriage did Cromwell organise for Henry and why was it a disaster?

A

Anne of Cleves, Henry was unable to consummate the marriage claiming she was too unattractive

31
Q

Why did Cromwell push for Henry to marry Anne of Cleves?

A

She would have brought England closer to protestant German princes

32
Q

What suggests that the marriage to Anne of Cleves was not responsible for Cromwell’s demise?

A

Cromwell was given the title Earl of Essex after the marriage

33
Q

Which faction was most likely responsible for Cromwell’s fall?

A

The Catholic faction

34
Q

Who was in charge of the Catholic faction?

A

Stephen Gardiner
Duke of Norfolk

35
Q

How did the Catholic faction gain significant influence over Henry?

A

They enticed Henry with Norfolk’s second niece Catherine Howard

36
Q

Why does Henry’s infatuation with Catherine Howard increase the Catholic factions influence?

A

Made Henry more likely to listen to their stories about Cromwell

37
Q

Why were the Catholic faction against Cromwell?

A

Cromwell pushed the country towards Protestantism

38
Q

When was Cromwell executed?

A

July 1540 on the same day Henry married Catherine Howard

39
Q

What did Catherine Howard think of Henry?

A

She quickly became tired of him and was unable to pretend she loved him

40
Q

How did Thomas Cranmer remove the Catholic factions influence?

A

He told Henry via letter about Catherin Howard’s adultery and pre-marital affairs which resulted in her execution

41
Q

Why did Cranmer face issues regarding the Catholic faction?

A

They claimed he was a heretic and wanted him arrested for divorcing Henry and Catherine of Aragon

42
Q

How did Henry support Cranmer against the Catholic faction?

A

He warned him of the plot to arrest him and gave Cranmer the power to investigate the charges himself resulting in them being dropped

43
Q

Who else did the Catholic faction attack following the failure to arrest Cranmer?

A

They went after Catherine Parr claiming she was a heretic however she convinced Henry they were wrong resulting in another Catholic faction failure

44
Q

How did the Catholic faction end?

A

The Duke of Norfolk was placed in the tower of London and would have been executed had Henry not have died

45
Q

What two countries did Henry go to war with during the end of his reign?

A

Scotland and France

46
Q

When did Henry go to war with Scotland?

A

1542

47
Q

Why did Henry go to war with Scotland in 1542?

A

Henry arranged to meet James IV the earlier year in York but he did not show up

48
Q

What battle saw England beating Scotland in November 1542?

A

Soloway Moss

49
Q

What did Henrys 1542 invasion of Scotland cause?

A

The treaty of Greenwich 1543

50
Q

What was the treaty of Greenwich?

A

Marriage between Mary queen of Scots and Henry’s son Edward

51
Q

Was the treaty of Greenwich successful?

A

No as the Scots went against this treaty leading to England’s “rough wooing”

52
Q

What was rough wooing after the treaty of Greenwich failed?

A

English border raids of Scotland in an attempt to reinstate the treaty however this did not work

53
Q

When was Henry at war with France during the later years of his reign?

A

1542 - 1546

54
Q

What was the success of Henry’s invasion of France in 1544?

A

Henry took control of Boulogne

55
Q

What was the cost of Henry’s latter campaigns against France and Scotland?

A

£2 million

Henry VIII (2 decks)

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