The Quest for Civil Rights Flashcards
how many anti black riots were there in 1919
25
what was the change in the number of black Americans registered to vote in Louisiana
130,000 in 1896
1,342 in 1904
how many black lynchings of black Americans were there between 1915 and 1930
579
when was the KKK revived
1915
what was the estimates of membership to the KKK in 1925
3 to 8 million
what did plessy v Ferguson rule
despite the 14th amendment, segregation was legal if it was separate but equal
what was Wilsons views on segregation
had no problem with segregation
what was hardings view on segregation
he spoke out against lynching and afforested 30,000 segregated people at the uni of alambama on the evils of segregation but he did intervene because he believed in laissez faire
what was coolidges opinion on segregation
did not express his ideas but believed in laissez faire
when was the great migration and where was it from and too
between 1917 and 1932
from the south to the north and east
what was attracting black Americans to the north east
industrial towns provided work and an escape from the south
what was the population in New York from 1910 to 1930
1910- 91,709
1930- 327,706
how did black voters shift in the 1930s
republican to democrat
what executive order did Roosevelt make when war broke out
executive order 8802
which banned racial discrimination in the defence industry
how did the new deal affect black Americans
black Americans were moved off projects to make way for whites
black farm workers were sacked in their thousands to make way for white workers
social security provisions excluded farm workers and those who worked in others homes - who were mainly black Americans
what did black officials in the government successfully persuade the NRA to do
to set the minimum wage for black and white Americans at the same rate
when was the NAACP established and what does it stand for
1910
National Association for the advancement of coloured people
what case did the NAACP turn down in 1931
nine young black men were framed for raping two young white women on a train
they were later found not guilty when communist lawyers took on their case
in the 1930s in Birmingham how many black American NAACP members compared to black American communists
NAACP - 6 members
Communists - 3000
what did father divine do in Harlem
in the peace mission church group he set up restaurants and shops that sold food and supplies to black people at a lower cost then white stores
what did the housewives league do and what was their slogan
‘Don’t buy where you can’t work’
they campaigned to boycott stores in black districts until they hired black workers
in what year did Truman set up the presidents committee on civil rights
1946
what was he aim of the committee on civil rights
equal opportunities in work and housing and urged strong federal support for the civil rights movement
why was Truman not as focused as he could of been on fighting civil rights
because of his Cold War focus he was to busy fighting communism
when did Truman desegregate the military
in 1948 by executive order
what were some of the non violent techniques black Americans used in their fight for civil rights
-non violent protest
-picketing
-boycotting
-sit ins
what was the aim of non-violent protesting
to draw public attention to discrimination and to go to the law hoping there rights would be enforced
when was the NAACP set up
1909
what were smaller cicvil rights organisations based around
churches
how did NAACP membership grow from 1917 to 1919
9,000 - 1917
90,000- 1919
what was the separatists movement
separatists said black Americans were never going to have true equality with whites so they should stop fighting for it and embrace segregation
what did Marcus Garvey suggest and who was he
he was a separatist who suggested African Americans should go back to Africa
what was the NAACPs aim
to gain black Americans their legal rights
w did the NAACP begin there campaign and how did they campaign
by mounting a campaign about lynching and they published pamphlets held marches and petitioned congress
what was an early NAACP tactic whilst taking segregation cases to court
to argue that provisions were separate but not equal so it could. not be overruled by plessy v Ferguson
the NAACP won some cases how did the Supreme Court get away without enforcing them
by not setting a time limits for desegregation
How quickly were schools desegregated after brown 2 [the revised ruling of brown v board]
-some schools were integrated within one year
- Ten years after the ruling only one black child in every one hundred in the south were in an integrated school
what was CORE
congress of racial equality
how did CORE campaign for civil rights
sit ins in the northern cities of Chicago, st Louis and Baltimore to desegregate public facilities
what were some rules that were set by cicil rights organisations such as the NAACP
-demonstrators dressed well
-demonstrators weren’t loud or abusive
-demonstrators didn’t fight back if they were attacked
-they showed they supported the government-
-tried to demonstrate the evils of segregation to persuade white people to change their views about black people
what year was the Montgomery bus boycott
1955
what did claudette Colvin and Mary louise smith do in 1955
refused to give up their seats on a bus and were arrested
why did the NAACP not take up the case of claudette Colvin and Mary louise smith
-Claudette Colvin was unmarried and pregnant
-Mary Louise Smith came from a poor family and her father had a drink problem
these two cases would of reflected badly on the NAACP due to their social position so they chose their case very carefully
what did rosa parks do
was arrested for sitting at the front of the bus
why did the NAACP take up rosa parks case
because she was a dignified 42 year old woman who was an NAACP member
what was the Montgomery improvement association made to do and who was the leader
-organise the Montgomery bus boycott
-Martin Luther King
how did the Montgomery improvement association publicise the arrest of rosa parks
leafleted and held meetings to publicise both the arrest and the boycott
when did the bus boycott begin
5th December 1955
what percentage of bus users were black
75%
how long did the bus boycott last
380 days
when was it ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional
November 1956
did bus desegregation ease the racial divide
no kings home was firebombed and snipers shot at black passengers in white seats
what did MLK set up in 1957
southern christian leadership conference
why did king refine the non violent protest rules
to create the best possible impression with the media
what were Kings non violent protest rules
-it must be clear who is the oppressor and who is pressed
-getting arrested as publicly was possible and going peacefully is good publicity
-accept as many whites as you can on protests
what was the name of the racist governor in Arkansas
Orval faubus
who was Elizabeth eckford and what was the incident in Little Rock
-in 1957 nine black children were selected to attend a previously all white school
-on the first day of school faubus sent the national guard to turn these children away
-all other 8 of the children went in car to school and were with an NAACP member
-Elizabeth eckford didn’t get the message and went on her own, she was turned away by the national guard and then was surrounded with an angry mob saying ‘Lynch her’ she bravely walked through the mob and went home
how did Martin Luther King react to the incident in Little Rock
he arranged a meeting with Eisenhower where he urged federal intervention
how did Eisenhower react to the incident in Little Rock
he reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children going to and from school and in the school corridors
when was the Greensboro sit in
1st of feb 1960
what was the Greensboro sit in
four black students went to a segregated lunch counter and waited to be served till the store was shut
the next day 30 black students joined them
the day after nearly all the seats were taken by black students
what was the white reaction to the greensboro sit in
white students came to heckle whilst the media saw black men presented well sitting calmly and peacefully
what was the SNCC
the student non-violent coordinating committee
when was the SNCC set up
15th April 1960
what did the SNCC believe in
believed in non-violent direct action
how did the SNCC prepare for abuse
they took training sessions in how to cope with abuse and violence from whites during demonstrations
what was one of the SNCC’s most important tasks
to encourage voter registration
why was increased voter registration so important
black people needed the political power of the vote to get government attention
how was voter registration pushed in 1935 to 1936 in Atlanta
the mayor was asked for adequate street lighting in black areas and he said the would provide it if the people in those areas would vote for him and vote the way he told them to in other elections
how did the SNCC adapt kings methods
it looks kings ideas of non violent protest into places there was likely to be violence in order to attract media attention
when were the freedom rides
1961
which groups carried out the freedom rides
CORE and SNCC
what was the aim of freedom rides
to test wether bus restroom facilities had been desegregated after the 1961 Supreme Court ruling
who organised the freedom rides
James farmer
how did farmer plan the freedom rides
to provoke a crisis he knew that this would attract publicity and media attention on the event
why did framer plan to provoke a crisis with the freedom rides
it seemed to be the only way to get the government to enforce legislation rather than just pass it
what happened to the first two buses during the freedom rides
both black and white campaigners were beaten up at several stops
what happened in anniston, Alabama during the freedom rides
one of the buses were firebombed after it had been chased by 50 cars however all the riders got off the bus safely
what happened to freedom riders
many were imprisoned in Birmingham and beaten up in Montgomery, three were killed and others continued riding
what was Birminghams nickname
bombingham
why was Birmingham nicknamed bombingham
due to the regularity that black homes, businesses and churches were firebombed
what was kings and the SCLC’s aim in Birmingham
to desegregate the whole town
when did king and the SCLC try to desegregate Birmingham
1963
what were the tactics to desegregate Birmingham
to get arrested and fill jails by the end of April all the jails were full
-children were trained in protest so they could when everyone was in jail
how did the police respond to protests in Birmingham
‘Bull’ Conner the chief of the police ordered his men to use high pressure fire hoses and dogs on protestors
what was Kennedys response to the actions taking place in Birmingham
he felt ashamed and sent in federal troops to restore calm on the 12th of may following the Birmingham was desegregated
what was the first town to be desegregated
Birmingham
what did the publicity that Birmingham produced encourage Kennedy to do
continue to push with civil rights legislation
what percentage of people thought that race was the USAs most pressing problem in 1963 compared to 1962
1963- 42%
1962- 4%
when was the march on Washington
august 1963
when was the freedom summer
1964 (an election year)
which group led the freedom summer
the SNCC
what was the aim of the freedom summer
a push on voter registration especially in the south
what were the tactics used during the freedom summer
-they sent 45 mostly young white volunteers to Mississippi to train black Americans how to pass the voter registration tests they also teamed up with local organisation and volunteers from these groups were mainly black
what happened to the first batch of students that were set out in mississippi to help with voter registration during the freedom summer
on June 21st 1964 there volunteers disappeared two white and one black they were found dead 6 weeks later
what were the consequences of the freedom summer by the end of it
6 murders
35 shooting incidents
countless beatings
how many black people tried to register to vote during 1964 and how many got accepted
17,000 tried to register
1,600 got accepted
who was Malcolm x
-came from a family who was terrorised by the KKK
-in 1952 joined the Nation of Islam a black muslim group
what were Malcom X’s beliefs
-non violent protest had its day
-white people should not be involved with civil rights movements
-white politicians would never do more than they were forced to do to enforce legislation
when was Malcolm X assissnated
1965
where the black panthers a non violent or a militant group
militant
who was Stokely Carmichael
the leader of the SNCC
what did stokely Carmichael say about non violent protest
he said it wasn’t working
what did stokely Carmichael want for the future of the cicil rights movement
-he wanted both the SNCC and the civil rights movement to radicalise and exclude white campaigners
-he suggested a different slogan which was ‘black power’ compared to the traditional slogan which was ‘freedom’
what was the black power symbol
a raised arm with a clenched fist
when was the black power salute famously used
in 1968 by black American athletes who won medals during the olympics
who adopted the panther symbol
the black panthers
when were the black panthers formed
1966
when was there a split in the civil rights movement and what was it
1965 there was no marches where all the civil rights movements worked together black power was out a coherent force
what were the techniques the black panthers used
-they worked in black communities keeping order
-organised community projects like free breakfast for schoolchildren
what did the black panthers ten point programme include
-decent housing
-black history courses at university
what attracted government notice the most about the black panthers
they wore a uniform and carried guns not the community work
what did the back to Africa movement advocate
separation by leaving the country altogether
what did black power students advocate for
-more black staff
-courses on black history
what did black power workers advocate for and what did they set up
-equal pay
-equal job opportunities
and they set up radical trade unions which pushed for black jobs
how did black power influence other civil rights groups
many became more radicalised however some became more pragmatic
what did the leader of the NAACP accept in Atlanta in 1973
the slowing of segregation in return for more control over black schooling
what year were there major riots in New York, Chicago and philadelphia
1964
what were the major riots in New York Chicago and Philadelphia set off by
police brutality
what major piece of civil rights legislation was passed in 1964
civil rights act
what major piece of civil rights legislation was passed in 1965
voting rights act
when was segregation on interstate buses banned all over the USA
1955
what was the northern crusade and when was it
-1966
-King decided to improve the ghettos originally focussing on the north
-he wanted to set up tenant unions, improve working conditions and teaching young people about non violent protest
-he began in Chicago where over 800,000 black Americans lived
how successful was the northern crusade
king claimed significant gains however many thought it had been a failure as there was no permanent change
what were the two major pieces of civil rights legislation that we’re passed between 1955 and 1980
1964 civil rights act
1965 voting rights act
