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The Quest for Civil Rights Flashcards

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1
Q

how many anti black riots were there in 1919

A

25

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2
Q

what was the change in the number of black Americans registered to vote in Louisiana

A

130,000 in 1896

1,342 in 1904

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3
Q

how many black lynchings of black Americans were there between 1915 and 1930

A

579

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4
Q

when was the KKK revived

A

1915

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5
Q

what was the estimates of membership to the KKK in 1925

A

3 to 8 million

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6
Q

what did plessy v Ferguson rule

A

despite the 14th amendment, segregation was legal if it was separate but equal

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7
Q

what was Wilsons views on segregation

A

had no problem with segregation

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8
Q

what was hardings view on segregation

A

he spoke out against lynching and afforested 30,000 segregated people at the uni of alambama on the evils of segregation but he did intervene because he believed in laissez faire

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9
Q

what was coolidges opinion on segregation

A

did not express his ideas but believed in laissez faire

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10
Q

when was the great migration and where was it from and too

A

between 1917 and 1932
from the south to the north and east

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11
Q

what was attracting black Americans to the north east

A

industrial towns provided work and an escape from the south

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12
Q

what was the population in New York from 1910 to 1930

A

1910- 91,709
1930- 327,706

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13
Q

how did black voters shift in the 1930s

A

republican to democrat

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14
Q

what executive order did Roosevelt make when war broke out

A

executive order 8802
which banned racial discrimination in the defence industry

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15
Q

how did the new deal affect black Americans

A

black Americans were moved off projects to make way for whites
black farm workers were sacked in their thousands to make way for white workers
social security provisions excluded farm workers and those who worked in others homes - who were mainly black Americans

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16
Q

what did black officials in the government successfully persuade the NRA to do

A

to set the minimum wage for black and white Americans at the same rate

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17
Q

when was the NAACP established and what does it stand for

A

1910
National Association for the advancement of coloured people

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18
Q

what case did the NAACP turn down in 1931

A

nine young black men were framed for raping two young white women on a train
they were later found not guilty when communist lawyers took on their case

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19
Q

in the 1930s in Birmingham how many black American NAACP members compared to black American communists

A

NAACP - 6 members
Communists - 3000

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20
Q

what did father divine do in Harlem

A

in the peace mission church group he set up restaurants and shops that sold food and supplies to black people at a lower cost then white stores

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21
Q

what did the housewives league do and what was their slogan

A

‘Don’t buy where you can’t work’

they campaigned to boycott stores in black districts until they hired black workers

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22
Q

in what year did Truman set up the presidents committee on civil rights

A

1946

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23
Q

what was he aim of the committee on civil rights

A

equal opportunities in work and housing and urged strong federal support for the civil rights movement

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24
Q

why was Truman not as focused as he could of been on fighting civil rights

A

because of his Cold War focus he was to busy fighting communism

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25
Q

when did Truman desegregate the military

A

in 1948 by executive order

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26
Q

what were some of the non violent techniques black Americans used in their fight for civil rights

A

-non violent protest
-picketing
-boycotting
-sit ins

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27
Q

what was the aim of non-violent protesting

A

to draw public attention to discrimination and to go to the law hoping there rights would be enforced

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28
Q

when was the NAACP set up

A

1909

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29
Q

what were smaller cicvil rights organisations based around

A

churches

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30
Q

how did NAACP membership grow from 1917 to 1919

A

9,000 - 1917
90,000- 1919

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31
Q

what was the separatists movement

A

separatists said black Americans were never going to have true equality with whites so they should stop fighting for it and embrace segregation

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32
Q

what did Marcus Garvey suggest and who was he

A

he was a separatist who suggested African Americans should go back to Africa

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33
Q

what was the NAACPs aim

A

to gain black Americans their legal rights

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34
Q

w did the NAACP begin there campaign and how did they campaign

A

by mounting a campaign about lynching and they published pamphlets held marches and petitioned congress

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35
Q

what was an early NAACP tactic whilst taking segregation cases to court

A

to argue that provisions were separate but not equal so it could. not be overruled by plessy v Ferguson

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36
Q

the NAACP won some cases how did the Supreme Court get away without enforcing them

A

by not setting a time limits for desegregation

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37
Q

How quickly were schools desegregated after brown 2 [the revised ruling of brown v board]

A

-some schools were integrated within one year
- Ten years after the ruling only one black child in every one hundred in the south were in an integrated school

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38
Q

what was CORE

A

congress of racial equality

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39
Q

how did CORE campaign for civil rights

A

sit ins in the northern cities of Chicago, st Louis and Baltimore to desegregate public facilities

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40
Q

what were some rules that were set by cicil rights organisations such as the NAACP

A

-demonstrators dressed well
-demonstrators weren’t loud or abusive
-demonstrators didn’t fight back if they were attacked
-they showed they supported the government-
-tried to demonstrate the evils of segregation to persuade white people to change their views about black people

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41
Q

what year was the Montgomery bus boycott

A

1955

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42
Q

what did claudette Colvin and Mary louise smith do in 1955

A

refused to give up their seats on a bus and were arrested

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43
Q

why did the NAACP not take up the case of claudette Colvin and Mary louise smith

A

-Claudette Colvin was unmarried and pregnant
-Mary Louise Smith came from a poor family and her father had a drink problem
these two cases would of reflected badly on the NAACP due to their social position so they chose their case very carefully

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44
Q

what did rosa parks do

A

was arrested for sitting at the front of the bus

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45
Q

why did the NAACP take up rosa parks case

A

because she was a dignified 42 year old woman who was an NAACP member

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46
Q

what was the Montgomery improvement association made to do and who was the leader

A

-organise the Montgomery bus boycott
-Martin Luther King

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47
Q

how did the Montgomery improvement association publicise the arrest of rosa parks

A

leafleted and held meetings to publicise both the arrest and the boycott

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48
Q

when did the bus boycott begin

A

5th December 1955

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49
Q

what percentage of bus users were black

A

75%

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50
Q

how long did the bus boycott last

A

380 days

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51
Q

when was it ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional

A

November 1956

52
Q

did bus desegregation ease the racial divide

A

no kings home was firebombed and snipers shot at black passengers in white seats

53
Q

what did MLK set up in 1957

A

southern christian leadership conference

54
Q

why did king refine the non violent protest rules

A

to create the best possible impression with the media

55
Q

what were Kings non violent protest rules

A

-it must be clear who is the oppressor and who is pressed
-getting arrested as publicly was possible and going peacefully is good publicity
-accept as many whites as you can on protests

56
Q

what was the name of the racist governor in Arkansas

A

Orval faubus

57
Q

who was Elizabeth eckford and what was the incident in Little Rock

A

-in 1957 nine black children were selected to attend a previously all white school
-on the first day of school faubus sent the national guard to turn these children away
-all other 8 of the children went in car to school and were with an NAACP member
-Elizabeth eckford didn’t get the message and went on her own, she was turned away by the national guard and then was surrounded with an angry mob saying ‘Lynch her’ she bravely walked through the mob and went home

58
Q

how did Martin Luther King react to the incident in Little Rock

A

he arranged a meeting with Eisenhower where he urged federal intervention

59
Q

how did Eisenhower react to the incident in Little Rock

A

he reluctantly sent in federal troops to guard the children going to and from school and in the school corridors

60
Q

when was the Greensboro sit in

A

1st of feb 1960

61
Q

what was the Greensboro sit in

A

four black students went to a segregated lunch counter and waited to be served till the store was shut
the next day 30 black students joined them
the day after nearly all the seats were taken by black students

62
Q

what was the white reaction to the greensboro sit in

A

white students came to heckle whilst the media saw black men presented well sitting calmly and peacefully

63
Q

what was the SNCC

A

the student non-violent coordinating committee

64
Q

when was the SNCC set up

A

15th April 1960

65
Q

what did the SNCC believe in

A

believed in non-violent direct action

66
Q

how did the SNCC prepare for abuse

A

they took training sessions in how to cope with abuse and violence from whites during demonstrations

67
Q

what was one of the SNCC’s most important tasks

A

to encourage voter registration

68
Q

why was increased voter registration so important

A

black people needed the political power of the vote to get government attention

69
Q

how was voter registration pushed in 1935 to 1936 in Atlanta

A

the mayor was asked for adequate street lighting in black areas and he said the would provide it if the people in those areas would vote for him and vote the way he told them to in other elections

70
Q

how did the SNCC adapt kings methods

A

it looks kings ideas of non violent protest into places there was likely to be violence in order to attract media attention

71
Q

when were the freedom rides

A

1961

72
Q

which groups carried out the freedom rides

A

CORE and SNCC

73
Q

what was the aim of freedom rides

A

to test wether bus restroom facilities had been desegregated after the 1961 Supreme Court ruling

74
Q

who organised the freedom rides

A

James farmer

75
Q

how did farmer plan the freedom rides

A

to provoke a crisis he knew that this would attract publicity and media attention on the event

76
Q

why did framer plan to provoke a crisis with the freedom rides

A

it seemed to be the only way to get the government to enforce legislation rather than just pass it

77
Q

what happened to the first two buses during the freedom rides

A

both black and white campaigners were beaten up at several stops

78
Q

what happened in anniston, Alabama during the freedom rides

A

one of the buses were firebombed after it had been chased by 50 cars however all the riders got off the bus safely

79
Q

what happened to freedom riders

A

many were imprisoned in Birmingham and beaten up in Montgomery, three were killed and others continued riding

80
Q

what was Birminghams nickname

A

bombingham

81
Q

why was Birmingham nicknamed bombingham

A

due to the regularity that black homes, businesses and churches were firebombed

82
Q

what was kings and the SCLC’s aim in Birmingham

A

to desegregate the whole town

83
Q

when did king and the SCLC try to desegregate Birmingham

A

1963

84
Q

what were the tactics to desegregate Birmingham

A

to get arrested and fill jails by the end of April all the jails were full
-children were trained in protest so they could when everyone was in jail

85
Q

how did the police respond to protests in Birmingham

A

‘Bull’ Conner the chief of the police ordered his men to use high pressure fire hoses and dogs on protestors

86
Q

what was Kennedys response to the actions taking place in Birmingham

A

he felt ashamed and sent in federal troops to restore calm on the 12th of may following the Birmingham was desegregated

87
Q

what was the first town to be desegregated

A

Birmingham

88
Q

what did the publicity that Birmingham produced encourage Kennedy to do

A

continue to push with civil rights legislation

89
Q

what percentage of people thought that race was the USAs most pressing problem in 1963 compared to 1962

A

1963- 42%
1962- 4%

90
Q

when was the march on Washington

A

august 1963

91
Q

when was the freedom summer

A

1964 (an election year)

92
Q

which group led the freedom summer

A

the SNCC

93
Q

what was the aim of the freedom summer

A

a push on voter registration especially in the south

94
Q

what were the tactics used during the freedom summer

A

-they sent 45 mostly young white volunteers to Mississippi to train black Americans how to pass the voter registration tests they also teamed up with local organisation and volunteers from these groups were mainly black

95
Q

what happened to the first batch of students that were set out in mississippi to help with voter registration during the freedom summer

A

on June 21st 1964 there volunteers disappeared two white and one black they were found dead 6 weeks later

96
Q

what were the consequences of the freedom summer by the end of it

A

6 murders
35 shooting incidents
countless beatings

97
Q

how many black people tried to register to vote during 1964 and how many got accepted

A

17,000 tried to register
1,600 got accepted

98
Q

who was Malcolm x

A

-came from a family who was terrorised by the KKK
-in 1952 joined the Nation of Islam a black muslim group

99
Q

what were Malcom X’s beliefs

A

-non violent protest had its day
-white people should not be involved with civil rights movements
-white politicians would never do more than they were forced to do to enforce legislation

100
Q

when was Malcolm X assissnated

A

1965

101
Q

where the black panthers a non violent or a militant group

A

militant

102
Q

who was Stokely Carmichael

A

the leader of the SNCC

103
Q

what did stokely Carmichael say about non violent protest

A

he said it wasn’t working

104
Q

what did stokely Carmichael want for the future of the cicil rights movement

A

-he wanted both the SNCC and the civil rights movement to radicalise and exclude white campaigners
-he suggested a different slogan which was ‘black power’ compared to the traditional slogan which was ‘freedom’

105
Q

what was the black power symbol

A

a raised arm with a clenched fist

106
Q

when was the black power salute famously used

A

in 1968 by black American athletes who won medals during the olympics

107
Q

who adopted the panther symbol

A

the black panthers

108
Q

when were the black panthers formed

A

1966

109
Q

when was there a split in the civil rights movement and what was it

A

1965 there was no marches where all the civil rights movements worked together black power was out a coherent force

110
Q

what were the techniques the black panthers used

A

-they worked in black communities keeping order
-organised community projects like free breakfast for schoolchildren

111
Q

what did the black panthers ten point programme include

A

-decent housing
-black history courses at university

112
Q

what attracted government notice the most about the black panthers

A

they wore a uniform and carried guns not the community work

113
Q

what did the back to Africa movement advocate

A

separation by leaving the country altogether

114
Q

what did black power students advocate for

A

-more black staff
-courses on black history

115
Q

what did black power workers advocate for and what did they set up

A

-equal pay
-equal job opportunities
and they set up radical trade unions which pushed for black jobs

116
Q

how did black power influence other civil rights groups

A

many became more radicalised however some became more pragmatic

117
Q

what did the leader of the NAACP accept in Atlanta in 1973

A

the slowing of segregation in return for more control over black schooling

118
Q

what year were there major riots in New York, Chicago and philadelphia

A

1964

119
Q

what were the major riots in New York Chicago and Philadelphia set off by

A

police brutality

120
Q

what major piece of civil rights legislation was passed in 1964

A

civil rights act

121
Q

what major piece of civil rights legislation was passed in 1965

A

voting rights act

122
Q

when was segregation on interstate buses banned all over the USA

A

1955

123
Q

what was the northern crusade and when was it

A

-1966
-King decided to improve the ghettos originally focussing on the north
-he wanted to set up tenant unions, improve working conditions and teaching young people about non violent protest
-he began in Chicago where over 800,000 black Americans lived

124
Q

how successful was the northern crusade

A

king claimed significant gains however many thought it had been a failure as there was no permanent change

125
Q

what were the two major pieces of civil rights legislation that we’re passed between 1955 and 1980

A

1964 civil rights act
1965 voting rights act

126
Q
A

history (5 decks)

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