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acbs 315 > The Puerperium & Lactation > Flashcards

The Puerperium & Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the puerperium

A

The period after parturition when the reproductive tract returns to its non pregnant condition

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2
Q

2 reasons for the puerperium period

A
  1. Repair of damaged reproductive tissues

2. Resumption of ovarian cyclicity

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3
Q

Puerperium length varies among __

A

species

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4
Q

Uterine Involution (repair) 4 main parts

A
  1. Reduction in size of uterus (tissue) and volume of uterus (space occupied)
  2. Discharge of fluid
  3. Sloughing of endometrial tissue
  4. Postpartum bacterial contamination
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5
Q

How does the uterus reduce in size during uterine involution

A

Strong contractions of myometrium after parturition and the uterus undergoes atrophy

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6
Q

What do strong contractions of myometrium after parturition do?

A
  1. facilitates discharge of fluids and tissue debris
  2. Compress uterine vasculature
  3. Reduces uterine size overall
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7
Q

Compressing uterine vasculature also reduces __

A

hemorrhage

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8
Q

When the uterus undergoes atrophy, it also ___

A

reduces uterine size

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9
Q

Uterine involution 2: Discharge of fluid

Lochia is blood-tinged fluid containing remnants of ___ ___ and ____

A

Lochia is blood-tinged fluid containing remnants of fetal placenta and endometrial tissue that is dying off at this time

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10
Q

Caruncles

A

Provide maternal contribution to placenta

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11
Q

In cattle and sheep, how does sloughing of endometrial tissue happen?

A

Vasal constriction of caruncles

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12
Q

what happens with nasal constriction of caruncles?

A

Causes necrosis of caruncular tissue

Sloughs off uterine length

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13
Q

What happens when uterine length sloughs off?

A

endometrial epithelium undergoes repair

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14
Q

Uterine involution 4: Postpartum bacterial contamination is a ____ ____ ____

A

natural defense mechanism

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15
Q

3 natural defense mechanisms of postpartum bacterial contamination

A
  1. Discharge of lochia
  2. Phagocytosis due to estradiol at parturition
  3. Return to ovarian cyclicity
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16
Q

What does discharge of lochia do?

A

washes out the tract

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17
Q

What does phagocytosis due to estradiol at parturition do?

A

recruits leukocytes

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18
Q

What does return to ovarian cyclicity do?

A

increased estradiol levels

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19
Q

What are some causes of infection under postpartum bacterial contamination?

A
  1. retained fetal membranes
  2. dystocia
  3. weak myometrial contractions
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20
Q

How could weak myometrial contractions cause infection in postpartum bacterial contamination?

A

Cleans uterus more slowly

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21
Q

What are some effects from infection after postpartum bacterial contamination?

A
  1. Prolonged uterine involution to occur
  2. Prolong period of puerperium
  3. Delay subsequent pregnancy
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22
Q

What is the biggest management issue from effects of infection?

A

Delaying subsequent pregnancy

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23
Q

What is mammogenesis?

A

Mammary gland development

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24
Q

What happens in prenatal life during mammogenesis?

A
  1. Formation of mammary ridges

2. Mammary ridge to gland transition

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25
Q

The formation of mammary ridges happens during prenatal life, what are the characteristics of it (2)

A
  1. Two lateral lines on ventral surface of fetus

2. Thickened layer/ridges of epidermis

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26
Q

What does the number and location of final mammary glands depend on?

A

species

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27
Q

3 parts to mammary ridge to gland transition

A
  1. Formation of primary mammary bud
  2. Secondary mammary bud
  3. Canalization
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28
Q

Mammary ridge to gland transition:

1. Formation of primary bud: what does this do?

A

Pushes into underlying dermis

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29
Q

Mammary ridge to gland transition:

2. What happens with the secondary mammary bud?

A
  1. forms protrusions away from primary bud

2. Lengthen and branch during remainder of embryonic development

30
Q

Mammary ridge to gland transition:

3. What happens under canalization?

A

formation of ducts in center of each bud

31
Q

2 parts to postnatal life

A
  1. Birth to puberty

2. Puberty to pregnancy

32
Q

What happens to mammary glands in birth to puberty?

A

Isometric growth: mammary gland grows in proportion to body (other tissues)

33
Q

What happens to mammary glands in puberty to pregnancy?

A

Allosteric growth: Mammary gland grows faster than other tissues

34
Q

____ induced growth also happens from puberty to pregnancy

A

hormone

35
Q

What are the key hormones produced from puberty to pregnancy?

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Progesterone
  3. Prolactin and growth hormone
36
Q

What does estradiol do during puberty to pregnancy?

A

Ducts branch and diameter increases

37
Q

What begins to form from progesterone in postnatal life?

A

Alveoli begins to form

38
Q

What do the alveoli form from in postnatal life?

A

Form from terminal portion of each ductal branch

39
Q

What do prolactin and growth hormone contribute to in postnatal life?

A

Contribute to duct development

40
Q

During pregnancy, what development occurs in the last trimester?

A

Final alveolar development occurs in last trimester of pregnancy

41
Q

What are lobule-alveolar structures?

A

The alveoli-functional unit of mammary gland (where the milk is actually made)

42
Q

What is a lobule?

A

groups of alveoli

43
Q

What is the lobe?

A

Groups of lobules that empty into common duct

44
Q

2 things milk production can do

A
  1. Hormone control

2. Immunoprotection

45
Q

What hormones stimulate milk synthesis and increase just prior to parturition?

A
  1. prolactin
  2. adrenal cortical hormones
  3. placental lactogen
46
Q

What kind of immunity does milk secretion give to the offspring?

A

Passive immunity: offspring receiving immunity through mother being exposed to disease and developing immune response to pass to offspring

47
Q

What is colostrum?

A

first postpartum milk secretion

48
Q

Colostrum contains ___ which provides neonate with ____ to common pathogens

A
  • antibodies

- immunity

49
Q

Colostrum contains __ __ __ which promote __-__ growth/health of offspring?

A
  • various growth hormones

- long-term

50
Q

What is involution?

A

The reduced suckling frequency as neonate grows

51
Q

Involution causes __ __ which causes a ___ ___ ___ in the mammary gland telling ___ ___ to stop working?

A

Pressure atrophy which causes a build of pressure in mammary gland and causes secretory cells to stop working

52
Q

What cells invade mammary tissue causing it to recover and develop into new secretory tissue

A

immune cells

53
Q

Involution also causes __ to remain quiescent until next pregnancy

A

alveoli remain quiescent until next pregnancy

54
Q

What hormones restimulate milk secretion?

A
  1. prolactin
  2. adrenal cortical hormones
  3. placental lactogen
55
Q

Most milk is stored in alveoli lumen and nearby ducts. What causes milk retention?

A

The small diameter of ducts creates resistance to fluid flow

56
Q

Milk ejection (letdown): transfer of milk from __ and __ __ to __ __, __, and __/__

A

transfer of milk from alveoli and alveolar ducts to mammary ducts, cisterns and teat/nipples

57
Q

3 steps in neuroendocrine reflex

A
  1. Tactile stimulation activates sensory neurons in teat/nipple
  2. Signal causes oxytocin to be release from post pituitary
  3. Oxytocin binds receptors on myoepithelial cells
58
Q

Entrainment

A

allows other signals to elicit same response

59
Q

Tactile stimulation activates sensory neurons in teat/nipple causing __

A

entrainment

60
Q

Examples of entrainment

A

baby crying, sight/sound of milking parlor

61
Q

Oxytocin binds receptors on myoepithelial cells causing __ cells to surround each alveoli

A

contractile

62
Q

oxytocin causes __ forces __ into __

A

contractions which forces milk into ducts

63
Q

What substances does milk of dam include?

A
  1. hormones
  2. Alcohol, drugs, etc
    (many substances found in dam’s blood)
64
Q

What hormones is found in the milk?

A

Growth hormone (BST)

65
Q

What kind of hormone is a growth hormone?

A

protein hormone

66
Q

What does bovine somatotropin hormone (BST) do?

A

Used to increase milk production in dairy cattle

67
Q

What urban myth surrounds BST?

A
  1. BST is a large protein that is digested in the gut before it is absorbed
  2. If absorbed whole, it cannot activate the human growth hormone receptor due to species specificity
68
Q

Potential use of lactating animals as pharmaceutical “bioreactors”: transgenic animals can secrete proteins into milk which capitalizes on

A

animal’s body to produce desired substance in large quantities

69
Q

The desired substance of animal’s body is

A

secreted into milk and harvested

70
Q

The production of protein via pharmaceutical “bioreactors” is

A

non-invasive, large-scale

71
Q

Human antithrombin is an FDA-approved

A

pharmaceutical “bioreactor” which treats rare clotting disorder

acbs 315 (3 decks)

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