The Psychology of Dental Anxiety Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
define disease
A
Objective physical pathology
2
Q
Define mental illness
A
A psychiatric condition without an organic cause
3
Q
Define illness
A
Subjective distress
4
Q
Name the 2 main systems we use to classify psychiatric disorders
A
- ICD-11 (World health Organisation international classification disease)
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
5
Q
What is the purpose of classifying psychiatric disorders?
A
- Purpose is to standardise diagnosis
- Enhance anvil to research disorders
- Build an evidence base for practice
6
Q
What are organic psychiatric disorders?
A
A physical disorder which leads to psychiatric symptoms
7
Q
Give examples of organic psychiatric disorders
A
- Tumours
- Injury
- Injection
- Degeneration
- Drugs, alcohol and medications
8
Q
What is a functional psychiatric illness?
A
Subjective distress without a physical cause
9
Q
What is psychosis?
A
Severe mental disturbances
A loss of contact with external reality
10
Q
What is neurosis?
A
Mental distress
11
Q
What is the severity of depression usually based on?
A
Usually based on the number of symptoms and the impact on the persons life
12
Q
Give examples of mood disorders
A
- Depression
2. Bipolar disorder
13
Q
Name the different types of depression
A
- Single episode
- Recurrent (At least 2 episodes of depression)
- Dysthymic (felling depressed all the time fro at least 2 years)
- Mixed depressive and anxiety disorder
14
Q
Name some bipolar disorders
A
- Bipolar type I
- Bipolar type II
- Cyclothymic
15
Q
What are the CORE symptoms of depression?
A
- Depressed mood almost daily
- Diminished interest in activities
Both these symptoms for at least 2 weeks
16
Q
What are some symptoms of depression?
A
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, hopelessness
- Changes in appetite or sleep
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation
- Reduced energy or fatigue
- Recurrent thought of death or suicide)
17
Q
Give some clinical features that can mask depression
A
- Severe anxiety
- Alcohol
- Hypochondriacal symptoms
- Irritability
18
Q
Give some biological features of depression
A
- Altered sleep pattern
- Early morning wakening with mood typically worse
- Appetite reduced with weight loss
- Sexual desire reduced or absent
- Motor activity agitation or retardation including speech
19
Q
Give some cognitive features of depression
A
- Having negative and pessimistic thoughts about yourself, the world and the future
- All or nothing thinking
- Jumping to conclusion s
- Focusing on the negatives
- Reduced attention, concentration Gand decisiveness
- Guilt worthlessness, unearth or suicide
- Delusions an hallucinations can occur
20
Q
How man people will beg affected by depression?
A
1 in 10 people will be affected by depression in their lifetime
21
Q
How many people in the UK have been diagnosed with depression?
A
3 million
22
Q
On averse how long does a depressive episode last?
A
6-8 months
23
Q
How many suicides are recorded in the uK?
A
6000 annually
24
Q
Give some causes of depression
A
- Redundancy
- Social isolation
- Alcohol and drug abuse
- Loneliness
- Abuse
- Major illnesses
- Relationship problems
- Stressful or life changing events
25
Name some post natal mood changes a parent may feel
1. Baby blues
2. Postnatal depression
3. Puerperal psychosis
26
How common is baby blues?
Occurs in 50% of pregnancies (both men and women)
27
When does baby blues occur?
Onset is often 2-6 days after delivery
28
How is baby blues characterised?
Transient low mood
29
How common is post natal depression?
Occurs in 10% of pregnancies (both men and women)
30
Who has an increased risk of developing postnatal depression?
Increased risk in women with:
1. Previous psychiatric history
2. Family psychiatric hostly
3. Chronic social difficulties
4. Unwanted pregnancy
5. First baby
6. Ill baby
31
How do some people describe depression?
1. As a black dog
2. Feel like you are trapped
3. Feeling overwhelmed
32
How common is puerperal psychosis?
Occurs in 0.5% of pregnancies (both men and women)
33
Who has an increased risk of developing puerperal psychosis?
Very high risk in women with History of schizophrenia, mania or severe depression
34
Is depression only diagnosed in adults?
NO 4% of children in the UK are anxious or depressed
35
Who more likely to be diagnosed with depression men or women?
Women are twice as filet to develop depression
36
Why are more women diagnosed with depression than men?
As women are more lily to go seek help if they are suffering where as men are more likely to self medicate
37
How Many adults have thought about talking their own life?
A fifth of adults
38
Who is at highest risk of suffering from sucidal thoughts?
1. Women
2. 16-24 age group
3. Pregnant couples (both men and women)
4. Men ages 55-64
39
How many adults have attempted to commit suicide?
1 in 15 adults attempt suicide at some point in their life
40
What is the leading cause of death for men and women under 50 ?
Suicide
41
How many cases of depression are undetected in primary care?
30-50%
42
How can we screen depression?
1. The two question test
2. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
3. Patient Health Questionnaire
43
What is the 2 question test?
2 questions are asked:
1. During the past month, have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?
2. During the past month, have you often been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things?
44
What is the Hospital anxiety and depression scale?
14 item self rating scale for severity of depression and anxiety symptoms
45
What is the patient health questionnaire
9 item self rating scale which measures proportion of time in past 2 weeks depressive symptoms present
46
How can we treat depression?
1. CBT or interpersonal psychotherapy
2. Antidepressants
3. ECT
47
How can we use interpersonal psychotherapy to treat depression?
1. Cognitive so try and help the patient change their perception of events and thinking errors
2. Behavioural (changing behaviour)
3. Psychotherapy – how your past effects now
48
Name some antidepressants we can use to treat depression?
1. SSRIs – most commonly prescribed
2. SNRIs
3. Tricyclics – older drugs
4 .Monoamine oxidase inhibitors – older drugs
49
What does ECT stand for?
electroconvulsive therapy
50
What is depression cases by according to the monamine deficiency theory?
Depression caused by deficiencies of the monoamines serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin
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60
Define bipolar disorder
Recurrent episodes of altered mood and activity
| Major depressive, manic, hypomanic or mixed
61
What is bipolar I
One or more manic or mixed episodes
62
What is bipolar II
One or more hypomanic episodes and at least one depressive
63
What can manic episodes be characterised by?
1. Euphoria
2. Increased activity or subjective experience of increased energy
3. Rapid or pressured speech
4. Flight of ideas
5. increased self esteem or grandiosity
6. Distractibility
7. Impulsive reckless behaviour
8. Rapid changes to mood
64
How many adults are diagnosed with bipolar disorder?
1 in 100 adults diagnosed at some point in their life
65
When is bipolar disorder usually diagnosed?
Often develops between 15-19 years of age and rarely after 40
66
Who is more likely to suffer from bipolar disorder?
Both men and women
67
What is the cause of bipolar disordeR?
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Unknown cause - complex mix of physical, environmental and social factors
Chemical imbalance
Genetics
Triggers:
Life-changing stressful events
Overwhelming problems
Physical illness
Sleep disturbances
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