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Psychology A-Level S5: Approaches In Psychology (AQA) > The Psychodynamic Approach > Flashcards

The Psychodynamic Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the psychodynamic approach?

A

The focus on the unconscious mind and how it drives emotions and actions.
Childhood events have a great influence on adulthood, shaping personality.

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2
Q

Who constructed the Psychodynamic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud.

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3
Q

What are the three levels that consciousness can be divided to?

A

•Conscious.
•Preconscious.
•Unconscious.

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4
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Current thoughts and perceptions (what we’re aware of at any given time).

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5
Q

What is preconsciousness?

A

Memories that we can recall when required (readily available to the conscious mind, although not in immediate use).

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6
Q

What is unconsciousness?

A

Memories, desires and fears that cause extreme anxiety, being suppressed out of conscious awareness.

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7
Q

What are key words for consciousness?

A

Thoughts, perceptions.

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8
Q

What are the key words for preconsciousness?

A

Memories, stored knowledge.

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9
Q

What are the key words for unconsciousness?

A

Fears, desires.

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10
Q

What are the defence mechanisms?

A

Denial, displacement, repression.

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11
Q

What is the reason for these defence mechanisms?

A

Defence mechanisms are used subconsciously to reduce anxiety.

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12
Q

What is denial?

A

A non conscious process where a person refuses to accept that an event has happened (usually traumatic).

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13
Q

What is displacement?

A

A non conscious process where one redirects feelings of anger to another target in order to express those feelings.

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14
Q

What is repression?

A

A non conscious process when thoughts are kept in the unconscious mind and are not allowed into the conscious mind (they can emerge as symptoms of anxiety).

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15
Q

What can an overuse of defence mechanisms result in?

A

Psychosis.

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16
Q

What is psychosis?

A

A mental health problem that causes people to interpret things differently from those around them. People lose sense with reality.

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17
Q

What is the tripartite of the mind?

A

Id, ego, superego.

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18
Q

What does Freud claim about the tripartite of the mind?

A

The ego must be dominant for a balanced personality, so anxiety and mental abnormalities aren’t formed.

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19
Q

When is the id developed?

A

It is present from birth, and develops from birth to 1 year.

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20
Q

When is the ego developed?

A

It develops from 1-3 years.

21
Q

When is superego developed?

A

It develops from 3-6 years.

22
Q

What principle does id obey?

A

Pleasure principle.

23
Q

What principle does ego obey?

A

Reality principle.

24
Q

What principle does superego obey?

A

Morality principle.

25
Q

What is id?

A

A part of the personality that wants to be satisfied by whatever means possible: innate, aggressive and sexual instincts. 

26
Q

What is ego?

A

Tries to balance out the id and the superego to keep our behaviour in line. The rational part of the mind. 

27
Q

What is superego?

A

The part of the mind that acts as the moral compass. Based on parental and societal values and allows us to feel guilt.

28
Q

What is the acronym for the psychosexual stages?

A

Old
Aged
Pensioners
Love
Guinness

29
Q

What are the five stages for psychosexual development?

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital.

30
Q

Oral stage: [years]
[Focus of pleasure]
[Successful completion]
[Fixation]

A

Oral stage: 0-1.
The mouth (e.g. sucking their thumb, feeding). The id is in control.
Weaning.
The baby is weaned at the wrong timeframe. They’ll be seeking pleasure through smoking, eating, drinking.

31
Q

Anal stage: [years]
[Focus of pleasure]
[Successful completion]
[Fixation]

A

Anal stage: 1-3
Anus (toilet training). Ego is present.
Completion of toilet training.
The baby is potty trained at the wrong timeframe. They’ll have an anal character-
-Anally retentive- doesn’t respond well to changes, stubborn & uptight.
-Anally expulsive- generous, disorganised, rule breaker.

32
Q

Phallic stage: [years]
[Focus of pleasure]
[Successful completion]
[Fixation]

A

Phallic stage: 3-5.
The genital area.
Gender identification.
No father figure or a very dominant mother, causing sexual anxiety and obsessiveness.

33
Q

What did Freud believe all people were born with?

A

Libido (a drive for pleasure).

34
Q

What did Freud believe that you need to do to be psychologically healthy?

A

One must complete each psychosexual stage (if not, mental abnormality and fixation at one of these stages occur).

35
Q

Who did Freud carry a case study on?

A

Little Hans.

36
Q

How did Freud find out about Hans?

A

His father observed Hans’s dreams and stuff he said, and passed him on to Freud for analysis. 

37
Q

What were Hans’s phobias?

A

Hans was afraid of horses and had castration anxiety. 

38
Q

Why did Hans have a fear of horses?

A

The horse is symbolic to his father (who he had a fear of) with black harnesses, a big penis and black blinkers representing glasses.

39
Q

What is Hans’s fear of horses an example of?

A

Displacement.

40
Q

Why did Hans have castration anxiety?

A

He developed an interest in his penis, and his mum had told him not to play with it or she’d cut it off. 

41
Q

What suggested that Hans had sexual feelings for his mother?

A

He dreamt that he married his mother.

42
Q

What stage was Hans at at the time?

A

Phallic stage (age 5).

43
Q

What could suggest that Freud’s interpretation was biased?

A

Hans’s anxiety may have come from his mother threatening to cut his penis off.
Hans has been frightened by a horse falling down in the street before the study, which could explain his fear of them.

44
Q

What is the Oedipus Complex?

A

The attachment of the child to the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by hostility towards the parent of the same sex. 

45
Q

What is psychic determinism?

A

All behaviour being caused from the unconscious mind.

46
Q

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

A

-The unconscious mind is the primary source of human behaviour.
-All behaviour is determined.

47
Q

Latent stage: [years]
[Stage]

A

Latent stage: 6-12.
Previous conflicts are repressed, early years are largely forgotten.

48
Q

Genital stage: [years]
[Stage]

A

Genital stage: 12-adulthood.
Sexual desires become conscious.

Psychology A-Level S5: Approaches In Psychology (AQA) (7 decks)

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