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Psychology A-Level S5: Approaches In Psychology (AQA) > The Humanistic Approach > Flashcards

The Humanistic Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the humanistic approach focus on?

A

The worth and uniqueness of the individual (less deterministic and more focused on free will).

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2
Q

What is determinism?

A

The belief that all behaviour is governed by factors that are out of our control.

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3
Q

What is free will?

A

Free choice on how to behave (giving one moral responsibility).

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4
Q

What are the main assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

-Each person is unique and psychology should study the whole person (holism).
-Each person can exercise free will.
-Each person is a rational and conscious being.
-Humans strive towards achieving self-actualisation.

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5
Q

Human beings can make significant ________ ________ within the ________ imposed by biological and societal forces.

A

Personal choices, constraints.

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6
Q

Why do humanistic psychologists reject scientific methods?

A

They believe that every individual is unique (idiographic approach), and don’t believe in making general laws for humans (nomothetic approach).

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7
Q

What is the idiographic approach?

A

Focusing on the individual and emphasising the unique personal experience of human nature.

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8
Q

What methods do human psychologists prefer (to collect data)?

A

Qualitative methods.

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9
Q

What qualitative methods do humanistic psychologists use?

A

-Unstructured interviews: open questions.
-Participant observation: researcher joins in with participant.
-Diaries, letters, biological materials.

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10
Q

Maslow wasn’t interested in what went ________ with people but rather in what could go ________ with them.

A

Wrong, right.

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11
Q

What did Maslow do?

A

He produced a hierarchy of needs (basic needs at the bottom, advanced needs at the top).

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12
Q

How is self-actualisation to be achieved?

A

All previous levels must be met.

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13
Q

What are the 5 levels (in order of basic needs to advanced needs)?

A

Physiological, Safety, Love & Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualisation.

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14
Q

What are physiological needs?

A

Food, water, sleep, air, shelter, clothing, homeostasis, reproduction.

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15
Q

What are safety needs?

A

Security of body, health, employment, resources (e.g. financial).

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16
Q

What are love & belonging needs?

A

Family, friends, intimacy.

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17
Q

What are esteem needs?

A

Respect (of self and of others), confidence.

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18
Q

What are self-actualisation needs?

A

Morality, acceptance, fulfilment.

19
Q

What is self-actualisation?

A

One’s motivation to reach their full potential.

20
Q

What are deficit needs (in the hierarchy)?

A

Physiological, Safety, Love & Belonging.

21
Q

Who was Carl Rogers?

A

One of the founders of the humanistic approach. He focused on self and self-acceptance.

22
Q

What is the self?

A

How we perceive ourselves as a person.

23
Q

Rogers believed that Freud dealt with the ‘________ ________’ of psychology, and focused on ________ ________.

A

‘Sick half’, healthy upbringing.

24
Q

What are the two selves?

A

The real self and the ideal self.

25
Q

What is the real self?

A

Who I am as a person and how people see me (objective).

26
Q

What is the ideal self?

A

Who I wish I am (growth potential, but could be unrealistic expectations).

27
Q

When do feelings of self-worth develop?

A

Childhood.

28
Q

What are feelings of self-worth influenced by?

A

Interactions with significant others.

29
Q

What is congruence?

A

A sense of healthy wellbeing, where consistency between the real self and ideal self is established.

30
Q

What is incongruence?

A

Where there is a large difference between the actual self and ideal self.

31
Q

What does incongruence lead to?

A

Low self-worth and anxiety.

32
Q

What can widen the gulf between real self and ideal self?

A

Defence mechanisms (e.g. denial).

33
Q

The ________ our real self and ideal self are to each other, the ________ our feelings of self worth are.

A

Closer, greater.

34
Q

Rogers believed that people ________ the process of self-actualisation.

A

Hinder.

35
Q

What are conditions of worth (negative regard)?

A

When a person is accepted ONLY if they do as they’re told (strings attached).

36
Q

What is unconditional love (positive regard)?

A

When a person is accepted for who they are (no strings attached).

37
Q

What is an example of conditions of worth?

A

‘We’ll love you more if you win this race.’

38
Q

What is an example of unconditional love?

A

‘We love you no matter what.’

39
Q

How does conditions of worth affect people?

A
  1. Children who receive conditions of worth develop low self-esteem.
  2. Psychological issues arise, making self actualisation difficult.
  3. Therapists should provide clients with unconditional positive regard to help resolve conditions of worth and guilt.
40
Q

How does client-centred therapy help with conditions of worth?

A

A therapist that provides unconditional positive regard for clients help resolve conditions of worth, and guide clients towards self-actualisation (focusing on the real self).

41
Q

Rogers believed that the individual’s central motivation is to ________ and ________.

A

Learn, grow.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a good therapist?

A

*Congruence- harmony between real self and ideal self.
*Empathy- understanding of one’s situation.
*Absolute positive regard- unconditional liking and respect.

43
Q

What are the strengths of the humanistic approach?

A

-Emphasises choice of free will, unlike the other approaches.
-Values personal ideals and self-fulfilment, which is believed to be achievable for everyone.
-Harter: teenagers who have to fulfil false self-behaviour end up disliking themselves.

44
Q

What are the weaknesses of the humanistic approach?

A

-Little empirical research has been carried out on ‘vague’ terms such as self-actualisation.
-Culturally biased, as many of the ideas of humanistic psychology (autonomy/personal growth) are individualistic values.

Psychology A-Level S5: Approaches In Psychology (AQA) (7 decks)

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