The Protestant Reformation Flashcards
Simony
Sale of church offices
Pluralism
An official holding more than one office at a time
Absenteeism
An official not participating in benefices but receiving payment and privileges
Sale of indulgences
People paying money to the church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones
Nepotism
Favoring family members in the appointment of church offices
Clerical ignorance
Many priests were virtually illiterate
Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
Criticized the corruption in the church and the hypocrisy of the clergy
Martin Luther
Augustinian monk; taught at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony
Johann Tetzel
Was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences
95 Theses
Luther criticized the selling of indulgences but went further than others before him questioning the scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences
Johann Eck
Great theologian who debated with Martin Luther
“Priesthood of all believers”
Churched used this instead of a hierarchy
Diet of Worms
Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake burning
Confessions of Augsburg
An attempted compromise statement of religious faith to unite Lutheran and Catholic Princes of the HRE
Philip Melanchton
Martin Luther’s friend who wrote the Confessions of Augsburg
Charles V
Sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism
German Peasants War, Twelve Articles
Peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry
League of Schmalkalden
Formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V’s drive to re-Catholicize Germany
Hapsburg-Valois wars
Five wars between 1521 and 1555 between France and the Hapsburg
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism
Anabaptists
Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state
John of Leyden
Led a radical group of Anabaptists and took control of the northwestern German city, Munster
Tragedy at Munster
Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders
Mennonites
Founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons, became descendants of the Anabaptists. Emphasized pacifism
Quakers
In England shared similar beliefs, thousands came to America where they founded and controlled Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware.
Unitarians
(Who reject the Trinity), also who were influenced by Anabaptists
Ulrich Zwingli
Student of Humanism who preached Erasmus’ edition of the new Greek Testament
Zurich
Zwingli established a theocracy here
Colloquy at Marburg
Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist
John Calvin
Frenchman,studied to be a priest and later trained as a lawyer. Influences Humanism, Especially Erasmus
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin’s foundational work for Calvinism
Predestination
Since God is all knowing, he already knows who is going to heaven and who is destined for Hell
“Elect/Visible Saints”
The church members who have had their conversion experience. They should become Model Christians:”Visible Saints”
Geneva
Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540. Geneva became the new center for reformation in Europe
Consistory
A judiciary made up of lay elders had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law.
Michael Servetus
A Unitarian Humanist from Spain, was burned at the stake 1553 for his denial of the trinity.
Protestant Work Ethic
Calvinists later emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that god was pleased
John Knox
Established Presbyterianism in Scotland
Presbyterianism
Presbyters governed the church, became the dominant religion in Scotland
Huguenots
French Calvinists, brutally suppressed in France. Especially strong among the nobility although Calvinism saw converts from every social class
Dutch Reformed Church
The rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands as the dominant religion set the stage for a revolt against the inquisition of King Philip II of Spain
Puritans
Pressured Elizabeth I for more reforms but were largely kept at bay. Later established colonies in America in a region the came to be known as New England.
