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Biology 21st century > The Processes of life > Flashcards

The Processes of life Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process whereby green plants make their food?

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

What is the end product of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose

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3
Q

What is glucose?

A

A sugar

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4
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process used by all organisms to release energy from food.

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5
Q

When do plants respire?

A

All the time, but only at night can we measure their respiration as during the day the photosynthesis uses up more CO2 than they produce.

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6
Q

What do organisms use energy for?

A

Think! - Anything from movement to active transport, keeping warm to producing the large molecules to grow

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst, a protein that speeds up reactions.

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8
Q

What is a protein made up of?

A

Amino acids. (Amine is a NH2 group)

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9
Q

How do cells know how to build an enzyme?

A

They use the genes

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10
Q

What are the chemicals that enzymes work on?

A

Substrates

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11
Q

What are the chemicals that are produce in the reaction?

A

Products

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12
Q

What is the shape of an enzyme?

A

A complex 3D shape that has an area for the substrate to fit into

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13
Q

What is the part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into?

A

Active site

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14
Q

What phrase is used to describe the model of how enzymes work?

A

Lock and Key

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15
Q

What do enzymes need to work at their optimum?

A

A specific pH and temperature

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16
Q

What is the body temperature of most mammals and birds?

A

Around 37C

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17
Q

What is the optimum temperature for most enzymes?

A

Around 37C

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18
Q

What happens to the reaction speed of a reaction (with an enzyme) as the temperature is increased?

A

The reaction speed increases as enzyme activity increases, up until the point where the protein is denatured by the heat

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19
Q

What happens to an enzyme if the pH changes too much?

A

The shape of the active site changes. If the change is permanent the protein is denatured.

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20
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

It is a series of chemical reactions that use energy from sunlight to build large food molecules in green plants and phytoplankton

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21
Q

What is the overall word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water —-light energy—–>glucose and oxygen

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22
Q

What absorbs the sunlight?

A

Chlorophyll

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23
Q

Where in the plant cell would you find the chlorophyll?

A

In the chloroplasts

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24
Q

Where in the plant cells would you find the enzymes used for photosynthesis?

A

In the chloroplasts

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25
Q

What is the product of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose

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26
Q

What is the glucose used for?

A

Chemicals needed for growth - cellulose, protein; starch to store energy; used for respiration

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27
Q

What is needed for the plant to synthesise amino acids?

A

Glucose and nitrates

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28
Q

What is produced as a waste product of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

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29
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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30
Q

What is the basic unit of life?

A

The cell

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31
Q

What surrounds the cell?

A

cell membrane

32
Q

Where do most of the reactions in the cell occur?

A

In the jelly-like cytoplasm

33
Q

What does the cell membrane permit to pass freely?

A

Water and gases

34
Q

What does the cell membrane not permit to pass through?

A

Larger molecules

35
Q

What sort of membrane is the cell membrane?

A

Semi-permeable

36
Q

What has a cell wall?

A

Cells of bacteria, plants and yeasts

37
Q

What is a plant cell wall made from?

A

Cellulose

38
Q

Where is the DNA (other than bacteria)

A

In the nucleus

39
Q

Where do bacteria keep their DNA?

A

In the cytoplasm, a ring like structure

40
Q

Where does respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Which organisms use mitochondria?

A

Animals, plants, microorganisms such as yeast

42
Q

Where do bacteria keep the enzymes for respiration?

A

In the cell wall

43
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of chemicals from a high to a low concentration

44
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter plant leaves?

A

By diffusion

45
Q

How does oxygen leave plant leaves?

A

By diffusion

46
Q

What do you call the movement of chemicals from a high to a low concentration?

A

Diffusion

47
Q

Diffusion is….

A

passive, it requires no energy input from the organism

48
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a partially-permeable membrane

49
Q

How do plants take up water?

A

By osmosis through the roots. (Note… if you are a very big tree you’d better have a plan B)

50
Q

Why can plants not take up nitrate by diffusion?

A

They are usually found in higher concentration in plant cells than outside

51
Q

How do plants take in nitrates?

A

Active transport

52
Q

What does active transport need that diffusion does not?

A

Energy

53
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

Respiration

54
Q

What limits the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature, light, CO2

55
Q

How is fieldwork on plants done?

A

A quadrat is put on the ground at random and all the plants within it are recorded. (Or a transect could be taken)

56
Q

What information could you get from fieldwork done by quadrats?

A

Abundance and distribution of plants

57
Q

How do living things obtain energy?

A

Respiration

58
Q

Who respires?

A

Every living thing

59
Q

What do we respire?

A

Glucose

60
Q

What is the overall word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

61
Q

Who uses aerobic respiration?

A

Plants, animals, some microorganisms

62
Q

Why do organisms require the energy released by respiration?

A

Synthesis of large molecules; movement; warmth; etc

63
Q

How do plants store the glucose produced by photosynthesis?

A

Starch.

64
Q

Is there just one enzyme for respiration?

A

No, there are multiple stages and each has its own enzyme

65
Q

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2 —> 6CO2 +6H2O

66
Q

How do organisms respire without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration

67
Q

Why use aerobic respiration?

A

It releases more energy

68
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In our muscles when we exercise vigorously; plant roots in water logged soil; bacteria in deep wounds

69
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

70
Q

What is fermentation?

A

A type of anaerobic respiration used by some organisms

71
Q

What is produced by fermentation?

A

Alcohol (ethanol)

72
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide + ENERGY

73
Q

What type of respiration provides biogas?

A

Anaerobic

74
Q

What makes bread rise?

A

The CO2 produced by yeast as it ferments

75
Q

What makes alcoholic drinks sparkle?

A

The CO2 produced by yeast as it ferments

Biology 21st century (12 decks)

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