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ZA - Endocrine System > The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus > Flashcards

The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland known as?

A

Principle organisers of the endocrine system

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2
Q

How is the hypothalamus and pituitary connected?

A

Via the pituitary stalk called the infundibulum

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3
Q

Is hypothalamic communication to the Pit. Gland neural or endocrine?

A

Both - neural to posterior gland and endocrine to anterior gland = neuroendocrine function

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4
Q

Where is the Pit gland?

A

In a pocket in the sphenoid bone directly below the hypothalamus

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5
Q

What types of hormone do the hypothalamus and pit gland release?

A

Trophic and non-trophic

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6
Q

What is a trophic hormone? Give an example of when oit is used?

A

A hormone that governs the release of another hormone

Neurohormones secreted into capillaries and traveling to the anterior pit. gland governing release of AP hormones

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7
Q

Give an example of non-trophic hormones.

A

Neurohormones made in hypothalamus and travel via hypothalamic axons to the posterior Pit. gland

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8
Q

All hormones released by the posterior pit. gland are…

A

Neurohormones from hypothalamus

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9
Q

All hormones released by the AP gland are…

A

Classic endocrine hormones

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10
Q

What do all hypothalamic trophic hormons bind to? What does this binding do?

A

Receptors on the AP gland which inhibit or stimulate hormone release

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11
Q

Name the 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones and what they do.

A

Stimulate AP to release hormones

Thyrotropin releasing hormone - TRH

Corticotropin releasing hormone - CRH

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone - GHRH

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone - GnRH

Prolactin Releasing Hormone - PRH

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12
Q

Name the hypothalamic inhibiting hormones.

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone - GHIH

Prolacting inhibiting hormone - PIH

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13
Q

What is growth hormone inhibiting hormone also known as?

A

Somatostatin

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14
Q

What is prolactin inhibiting hormone?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

What type of hormone class are all the hypothalamic hormones?

A

All are peptide BESIDES dopamin/prolactin inhibiting hormone which is an amine

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

A network of vessels which transfer trophic hormones from hypothalamus to the AP

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17
Q

What is needed to maintain control of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Small numbers of neurosectretory neurons

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18
Q

How does the H-H portal system work?

A

Hormones are released from the neurosecretory neurons at the median eminence and travel via capillaries to the AP gland

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19
Q

Does the H-H portal system encompass a short or long system - what significance does this have?

A

Short - leads to a rapid and dynamic response

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20
Q

What is a hypophysiotropic hormone?

A

Hormones made by endocrine cells in the hypothamalus and released at the capillary bed called the median eminence and transported to the AP gland

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21
Q

What type of tissue is the AP and the PP glands?

A

AP - true endocrine

PP - neuroendocrine

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22
Q

What is the origin of both glands

A

AP - epithelial

PP - neural tissue

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23
Q

How are both glands connected to the hypothalamus?

A

AP - via capillary portal system called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system

PP - neural connection

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24
Q

What is the AP gland also called?

A

Adenohypophysis

25
Q

What does the PP gland secrete?

A

Neuro hormones made in the hypothalamus

26
Q

What is the PP gland also called?

A

Neurohypophysis

27
Q

How much of the pituitary does each gland make up?

A

AP - 2/3s

PP- 1/3

28
Q

What are the 6 hormones released from the AP gland?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone - TSH

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone - ACTH

Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH

Luteinising Hormone - LH

Growth Hormone - GH

Prolactin

29
Q

5 of the 6 hormones released by the AP gland have trophic functions- which one is not trophic and what does it do?

A

Prolactin - direct stimulation of milk production during lactation

30
Q

What is another name for Thyroid stimulation hormone? And what does it do?

A

Thyrotrophin - Leads to thyroid hormone release

31
Q

What is another name for adrenocotricotrophic hormone and what does it do?

A

Corticotrophin - Acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate cortisol release

32
Q

What is another name for follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone?

A

Gonadotrophins - act on gonads leading to regulation of reproductive function (non-trophic action of the hormone) and sex hormone release (trophic)

33
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Acts on liver to release IGF-1* (trophic action)

Directly stimulates tissue metabolism (non-trophic)

34
Q

What does 3 integration centers does feedback control involve?

A

Hypothalamus
AP gland
Target endocrine cell

35
Q

What acts as the neg. feedback signal?

A

The hormone itself

36
Q

How does the neg. feedback work?

A

The hormone fees back to inhibit hormone secretion

37
Q

What is a long-loop feedback?

A

When the hormone feeds back from the endocrine target

38
Q

What is a short-loop feedback?

A

When the feedback is from the AP to the hypothalamus

39
Q

Purpose of feedback systems?

A

Link levels of sequential hormones together and maintains plasma conc within correct range

40
Q

What hormones does the PP gland store and release?

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

41
Q

What is another name for vasopressin?

A

ADH - Anti-diuretic hormone

42
Q

Where are ADH and oxytocin synthesised?

A

In magnocellular neurons which have their cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus

43
Q

How do these hormones get from the hypothalamus to the PP gland?

A

Axons project down the infundibulum to the PP gland, they don’t synspase but their terminals end on capilaries -

The hormones travel down this route and are stored in the terminals until the nerve is stimulated and they are released directly into blood stream into PP gland

44
Q

ADH and oxytocin behave as what type of hormones?

A

Peptide

45
Q

Function of ADH?

A

Regulate water balance

46
Q

What triggers ADH release?

A

Increased plasma osmolarity

Decreased plasma volume/BP

47
Q

What is the site of action for ADH and what is its mode of action?

A

Site - kidney collecting ducts

Mode - increase water re absorption and increase BP

48
Q

Function of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection and uterine contraction

49
Q

What triggers oxytocin release?

A

Labour - babies head against cervix

Suckling

50
Q

Site and mode of action for oxytocin for milk production?

A

Site - milk duct, smooth muscle

Mode - contracts muscle which ejects milk

51
Q

Site and mode of action for oxytocin for labour

A

Site - uterine smooth muscle

Mode - Child birth

52
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

Too little

53
Q

Hypersecretion?

A

Too much

54
Q

Hyper/Hypo-responsiveness means?

A

Reduced or increased response of target cell

55
Q

1* disorders are what…?

A

Those in which the defect is in the cells that secrete the hormone

56
Q

2* disorders?

A

Where there is too little or too much trophic hormone from pituitary causing hormone to be too high or too low

57
Q

3* disorders?

A

Relate to hypothalamic defects

58
Q

What can cause hyporesponsiveness?

A

Alterations in receptors for the hormone

Disordered post-receptor events

Failure of metabolic activation of hormone (Still a prehormone/prepro)

59
Q

What can cause hyper-responsiveness

A

Permissive effects

ZA - Endocrine System (21 decks)

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