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2nd year- endocrine OC > The Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

The Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

what are the “master controllers” of the endocrine system?

A

The hypothalamus and pituitary

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2
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

stalk called the infundibulum.

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3
Q

how big is the pituatary gland?

A

14 mm diamete

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4
Q

what are the two types of tisue in the pituitary gland?

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

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5
Q

what are the functions of hypothalamus?

A 
cold
stress
metabolic demand
hydration status
exercise
day/night
menstrual cycle
sleep
breastfeeding
pregnancy
puberty
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6
Q

what do hypothalamus and anterior pituitary release?

A

tropic and non-tropic hormones (tropic hormones govern the release of another hormone)

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7
Q

what are all the hormones released by the hypothalamus?

A

neurohormones

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8
Q

what are all the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

neurohormones

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9
Q

what are all the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

A

classic endocrine hormones

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10
Q

what are the 2 forms of hypothalmic neurohormones?

A

tropic and non-tropic

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11
Q

what are tropic neurohormones?

A

neurohormones secreted into capillaries travelling to anterior pituitary. Govern release of anterior pituitary hormones

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12
Q

what are non-tropic neurohormones?

A

neurohormones produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons) where they are released into blood

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13
Q

where do all hypothalamic tropic hormones bind to?

A

receptors on anterior pituitary and stimulate/inhibit release of AP hormones

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14
Q

what are the 5 trophic hypothalmic releasing hormones?

A 
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
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15
Q

what are the 2 trophic hypothalmic inhibiting hormones?

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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16
Q

what are the 2 hypothalmic inhibiting hormones?

A

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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17
Q

are all of these hypothalmic hormones peptides?

A

yes except dopamine

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18
Q

what is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Network of tiny vessels which transfer trophic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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19
Q

what type of tissue is the anterior pituitary?

A

true endocrine tissue

epithelial origin

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20
Q

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalmus?

A

via capillary portal system

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21
Q

what is the anterior pituitary also called?

A

adenohypophysis

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22
Q

which part of the pituitary gland makes up 2/3rds of the gland?

A

anterior

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23
Q

what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary gland?

A

neuroendocrine tissue

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24
Q

what is the tissue origin of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

neural

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25
Q

what is the connection betwen posterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

neural connection

26
Q

what is the posterior pituitary gland also called?

A

neurohypophysis

27
Q

what is the production of the anterior pituitary hormones controlled by?

A

hypothlamus

28
Q

how many hormones are released from the pituitary gland?

A

6

29
Q

how many of these hormones are tropic hormones that are releaased from anterior pituitary gland?

A

5/6

30
Q

what are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka thyrotropin
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin

31
Q

which of the anterior pituitary hormones are not tropic hormones?

A

prolactin

32
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

directly stimulates milk production from the breast during lactation

33
Q

action of prolactin

A

breast –> lactation (direct)

34
Q

action of thyeoid-stimulating hormone

A

thyroid –> TH release (tropic)

35
Q

action of adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

ad. cortex –> cortisol release (tropic)

36
Q

action of the growth hormone

A

liver –> IGF-1 release (tropic) and tissue metabolism (direct)

37
Q

action of the follicle-stimulating hormone luteinising hormone?

A

gonads –> regulation of reproductive function (direct) and sex hormone release (tropic)

38
Q

what are the integration centres that control the anterior pituitary feedback control?

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
target endocrine cell

39
Q

how does the anterior pituitary feedback control work?

A

hormones themselves act as negative feedback signal
each hormone feeds back to inhibit hormone secretion by integrating centres earlier in the reflex
feedback from endocrine target = long-loop feedback
feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus = short-loop feedback

40
Q

what are the peptide hormones that the posterior pituitary stores and releases?

A

vasopressin (ADH)

oxytocin

41
Q

where are the posterior pituitary neurohormones synthesised?

A

magnocellular neurons which have their cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus

42
Q

how do the axons get to the posterior pituitary?

A

project down the infundibulum

43
Q

what type of hormones do oxytocin and vasopressin behave like?

A

typical peptide hormones

44
Q

what is vasopressins main function?

A

regulates water balance

45
Q

the release of vasopressin is triggered by?

A

increase plasma osmolarity and decrease plasma volume/blood pressure

46
Q

what is the site/mode of action of vasopressin?

A

kidney collecting ducts
increases water absorption

vascular smooth muscle
increase blood pressure

47
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

milk ejection and urine contraction

48
Q

the release of oxytocin is triggered by?

A

labour

suckling

49
Q

site/mode of action of oxytocin?

A

milk duct smooth muscle
contracts muscle- ejecting milk

urine smooth muscle
child birth

50
Q

what is hyposecretion?

A

too little hormone secreted

51
Q

hypersecretion

A

too much hormone secreted

52
Q

hyporesponsiveness

A

reduced response of the target cell

53
Q

hyperreponsiveness

A

increased response of the target cell

54
Q

what does hyporesponsiveness relate to?

A

relates to alterations in receptor for hormone, disordered post-receptor events or failure of metabolic activation of hormone, (where this is required for function).

55
Q

what does hyperresponsiveness relate to?

A

could be due to permissive effects e.g. Thyroid hormone ++ adrenaline mediated lipolysis.

56
Q

what are 1st disorders?

A

are those in which the defect is in the cells that secrete the hormone

57
Q

what are 2nd disorders?

A

are those in which there is too little or too much trophic hormone from pituitary

58
Q

what are 3rd disorders?

A

relate to hypothalamic defects

59
Q

what kind of neurons does the posterior pituitary contain?

A

magnocellular neurons which have their cell bodies in the hypothalamu

60
Q

magnocellular neurons store and releases 2 peptide neurohormones. What are they?

A

vasopressin

Oxytocin

61
Q

how do vasopressin and oxytocin behave?

A

as typical peptide hormones

62
Q

how is anterior pituitary connected to hypothalamus?

A

Connected to hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

2nd year- endocrine OC (27 decks)

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