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SCIENCE 10: Physics > The Physical World > Flashcards

The Physical World Flashcards

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1
Q

Student of Plato

A

Eudoxus

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2
Q

Presented the first mathematical theory of the universe

A

Eudoxus

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3
Q

Earth-centered model of the universe

A

Geocentric Model

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4
Q

Suggested that earth is spherical, and that everything is perfect

A

Pythagoras

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5
Q

All mater are composed of combinations of 4 elements, and that earth is subject to decay and corruption

A

Aristotle’s Model of the Universe

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6
Q

4 elements in the Aristotle’s Model of the Universe

A

Earth, Air, Fire, Water

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7
Q

New element which was incorruptible and eternal

A

Quintessence

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8
Q

Problems on Eudoxus’ and Aristotle’s Model

A

Brightness of the Planets.
Apparent changes in the size of the moon
Motion of the heavenly bodies is not uniform

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9
Q

Model that says that sun is in the middle of the universe

A

Heliocentric Model

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10
Q

Apparent shift in the position of an object with respect to other background objects

A

Stellar Parallax/Parallax

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11
Q

Problems on Aristarchus’ Model

A

Writings were destroyed, We do not feel that the earth moves, stellar parallax

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12
Q

Who addressed the retrograde motion through the concept of epicycle

A

Ptolemy

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13
Q

Backwards motion with respect to the observer

A

retrograde motion

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14
Q

Why is retrograde motion observed

A

because of the difference in velocity in a heliocentric model

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15
Q

Concept of Epicycle

A

Center of the epicycle moves around a deferent which is the bigger circle

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16
Q

Who proposed that the retrograde motion is based on the motion of the planets around the orbit, and that the Earth rotation is accounted for the rising and setting of the sun

A

Copernicus

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17
Q

Who wrote The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

A

Copernicus

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18
Q

Objections for the Copernican Model

A

Stellar parallax, moving the earth would require an unimaginable strength, thousand-mile-per-hour breeze should be experienced, rotating earth should break apart

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19
Q

Who made accurate measurements of stars, and did a comprehensive study of the solar system

A

Tycho Brahe

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20
Q

How many stars did Tycho Brahe found an accurate position

A

777 fixed stars

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21
Q

Who found a supernova (De Nova Stella)

A

Tycho Brahe

22
Q

What constellation was the supernova found by Tycho present

A

Cassiopeia

23
Q

When is the supernova found by Tycho visible

A

November 1572 to March 1574

24
Q

Student of Tycho Brahe

A

Johannes Kepler

25
Q

What are the Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

A

Orbits are ellipses
Equal areas in equal time
The square of any planet’s orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis

26
Q

Closest point in the orbit with respect to the planet

A

Perihelion

27
Q

Farthest point in the orbit with respect to the planet

A

Aphelion

28
Q

What are Galileo’s Astronomical Obsrvations

A 
Craters of the moon
Sunspots
Moons of Jupiter
Phases of Venus
Size of stars
29
Q

Has direction, magnitude, and negative values

A

Vectors

30
Q

Velocity, force, acceleration are

A

Vectors

31
Q

Express in terms of units and some examples are temperature, mass, time, and area

A

Scalars

32
Q

What are the Laws of Motion

A

Inertia, Acceleration, Action-Reaction

33
Q

Who contributed differentiation in calculus, optics, laws of motion, and law of universal gravitation

A

Isaac Newton

34
Q

An object in motion will remain in motion, and an object at rest will remain at rest, unless acted upon by any external force

A

Law of Inertia

35
Q

The acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass

A

Law of Acceleration

36
Q

The force exerted by the object 1 upon object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted by object 2 upon object 1

A

Law of Action and Reaction

37
Q

All objects attract each other with the force of gravitational attraction

Force of gravity is directly proportional on the masses of the objects considered and dependent on the distance or separation between the two objects

A

Law of Universal Gravitation

38
Q

Problem on Newton’s Theory

A

Could not predict the orbit of mercury

39
Q

o Set of equations that describe the interaction of electromagnetic waves

o Speed of light or the speed of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is constant

A

Electromagnetism

40
Q

Thermodynamics in 19th Century

A

Kinetic Theory

41
Q

Electromagnetism in 19th Century

A

Maxwell’s equation

42
Q

Fluid dynamics in 19th Century

A

Navier-stokes equationa

43
Q

mass energy equivalence (E=mc^2)

• Energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable\bedrock or one of the first basic concepts on standard model

A

Special Theory of Relativity

44
Q

Postulates of Special Theory

A 
o	Principle of Relativity
o	The speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers regardless of the relative motion or of the motion of the light source
o	Relativity of Simultaneity
o	Time dilation
o	Length contraction
o	Speed limit
45
Q

What is an inertial frame of reference

A

frame of reference is non-accelerating (non-moving or constant velocity)

46
Q

Gave an explanation for the precession of the orbit of Mercury, as well as an accurate description of the observable phenomena on the macro scale

A

General Theory of Relativity

47
Q

Postulates of General Theory

A

o Precession of mercury predicted

o Predicted that light should bend when it encounters massive objects

48
Q

What accounts for the expansion rate of the universe

A

Cosmological constant

49
Q

What is the equivalent theory of Newton’s laws for very small objects, and described things/events in terms of probabilities

A

Schrodinger equation

50
Q

True or False

You can only measure the exact state of one quantity or quality of that object at a time

A

True

51
Q

True or False

You can exactly measure the complete state of the object

A

False

SCIENCE 10: Physics (3 decks)

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