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SCIENCE 10: Physics > The Physical World > Flashcards

The Physical World Flashcards

1
Q

Student of Plato

A

Eudoxus

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2
Q

Presented the first mathematical theory of the universe

A

Eudoxus

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3
Q

Earth-centered model of the universe

A

Geocentric Model

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4
Q

Suggested that earth is spherical, and that everything is perfect

A

Pythagoras

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5
Q

All mater are composed of combinations of 4 elements, and that earth is subject to decay and corruption

A

Aristotle’s Model of the Universe

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6
Q

4 elements in the Aristotle’s Model of the Universe

A

Earth, Air, Fire, Water

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7
Q

New element which was incorruptible and eternal

A

Quintessence

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8
Q

Problems on Eudoxus’ and Aristotle’s Model

A

Brightness of the Planets.
Apparent changes in the size of the moon
Motion of the heavenly bodies is not uniform

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9
Q

Model that says that sun is in the middle of the universe

A

Heliocentric Model

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10
Q

Apparent shift in the position of an object with respect to other background objects

A

Stellar Parallax/Parallax

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11
Q

Problems on Aristarchus’ Model

A

Writings were destroyed, We do not feel that the earth moves, stellar parallax

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12
Q

Who addressed the retrograde motion through the concept of epicycle

A

Ptolemy

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13
Q

Backwards motion with respect to the observer

A

retrograde motion

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14
Q

Why is retrograde motion observed

A

because of the difference in velocity in a heliocentric model

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15
Q

Concept of Epicycle

A

Center of the epicycle moves around a deferent which is the bigger circle

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16
Q

Who proposed that the retrograde motion is based on the motion of the planets around the orbit, and that the Earth rotation is accounted for the rising and setting of the sun

A

Copernicus

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17
Q

Who wrote The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

A

Copernicus

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18
Q

Objections for the Copernican Model

A

Stellar parallax, moving the earth would require an unimaginable strength, thousand-mile-per-hour breeze should be experienced, rotating earth should break apart

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19
Q

Who made accurate measurements of stars, and did a comprehensive study of the solar system

A

Tycho Brahe

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20
Q

How many stars did Tycho Brahe found an accurate position

A

777 fixed stars

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21
Q

Who found a supernova (De Nova Stella)

A

Tycho Brahe

22
Q

What constellation was the supernova found by Tycho present

A

Cassiopeia

23
Q

When is the supernova found by Tycho visible

A

November 1572 to March 1574

24
Q

Student of Tycho Brahe

A

Johannes Kepler

25
What are the Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Orbits are ellipses Equal areas in equal time The square of any planet's orbital period is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis
26
Closest point in the orbit with respect to the planet
Perihelion
27
Farthest point in the orbit with respect to the planet
Aphelion
28
What are Galileo's Astronomical Obsrvations
``` Craters of the moon Sunspots Moons of Jupiter Phases of Venus Size of stars ```
29
Has direction, magnitude, and negative values
Vectors
30
Velocity, force, acceleration are
Vectors
31
Express in terms of units and some examples are temperature, mass, time, and area
Scalars
32
What are the Laws of Motion
Inertia, Acceleration, Action-Reaction
33
Who contributed differentiation in calculus, optics, laws of motion, and law of universal gravitation
Isaac Newton
34
An object in motion will remain in motion, and an object at rest will remain at rest, unless acted upon by any external force
Law of Inertia
35
The acceleration of the object is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass
Law of Acceleration
36
The force exerted by the object 1 upon object 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force exerted by object 2 upon object 1
Law of Action and Reaction
37
All objects attract each other with the force of gravitational attraction Force of gravity is directly proportional on the masses of the objects considered and dependent on the distance or separation between the two objects
Law of Universal Gravitation
38
Problem on Newton's Theory
Could not predict the orbit of mercury
39
o Set of equations that describe the interaction of electromagnetic waves o Speed of light or the speed of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is constant
Electromagnetism
40
Thermodynamics in 19th Century
Kinetic Theory
41
Electromagnetism in 19th Century
Maxwell's equation
42
Fluid dynamics in 19th Century
Navier-stokes equationa
43
mass energy equivalence (E=mc^2) • Energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable\bedrock or one of the first basic concepts on standard model
Special Theory of Relativity
44
Postulates of Special Theory
``` o Principle of Relativity o The speed of light in vacuum is the same for all observers regardless of the relative motion or of the motion of the light source o Relativity of Simultaneity o Time dilation o Length contraction o Speed limit ```
45
What is an inertial frame of reference
frame of reference is non-accelerating (non-moving or constant velocity)
46
Gave an explanation for the precession of the orbit of Mercury, as well as an accurate description of the observable phenomena on the macro scale
General Theory of Relativity
47
Postulates of General Theory
o Precession of mercury predicted | o Predicted that light should bend when it encounters massive objects
48
What accounts for the expansion rate of the universe
Cosmological constant
49
What is the equivalent theory of Newton's laws for very small objects, and described things/events in terms of probabilities
Schrodinger equation
50
True or False You can only measure the exact state of one quantity or quality of that object at a time
True
51
True or False You can exactly measure the complete state of the object
False

SCIENCE 10: Physics (3 decks)

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