The PH at the Turn of the 19th Century and the Birth of the Nation Flashcards
Assigned Topic 2
Following the economic reforms of ___, the colonial government slowly opened up the PH to global trade at the turn of the 19th entury.
Jose Basco
The integration of the Philippines to international trade after centuries of isolation led to several unprecedented changes. Enumerate.
1) Opening of the port of Manila to foreign merchant ships, followed by the opening of the provincial ports
2) Commercialization of agriculture, particularly of cash crops like sugar and cotton
3) Influx of foreigners and establishment of consulates such as those of the US, France, and Japan.
4) The entrance of foreign companies
During the turn of the 19th century, (a)_____ was abolished. The (b)_____was shortened to only 15 days per year.
a) Encomienda system
b) Polo y servicios
The Spanish introduced _____ which assigned one kind of crop to be grown in one area. Certain products were also placed under monopoly under the direct control of the government which included tobacco, coffee, and opium.
monocropping
The importance of (a)___was highlighted in the acquisition of haciendas by wealthy residents, particularly the peninsulares and insulares.
These haciendas were managed through the (b)____ system
a) land
b) inquilino
The 19th century period witnessed the mixing of ethnicities or miscegenation, producing ____
mestizos
The mestizos and principalia later formed a distinct social class known as ____
clase media
This social class had wealth and lifestyle similar to Spanish, but they are placed below the latter. This earned them the pejorative description bestias cargadas de oro (beasts laden with gold).
They also took advantage of the educational reforms initiated by the Queen Isabella II across Spanish Empire
clase media
The _____, a gravity-fed system drawing water from the Marikina River, provided a reliable and hygienic water source to Manila from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century.
Some of the other developments included transportation and communication infrastructures (including telephone and telegram)
Carriedo Waterworks
The opening of ____in 1869 impacted the Philippines. it reduced travel time and cost of trade and exposed the country to European ideas like liberalism and nationalism.
Suez Canal
This was a pivotal event in Spanish history that took place in September 1868. This resulted in the overthrow of Queen Isabella II and the establishment of a provisional government.
Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa)
The appointment of _______ (1869-1871) brought hope to the university educated reformists regarding the possibility of liberal reforms in the colony.
Carlos Maria De la Torre
__________: Ideas of liberalism and individual rights enshrined in the constitution helped to inspire future Filipino revolutionaries who sought greater autonomy and eventually independence.
Legacy of Cadiz Constitution of 1812
The expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768 along with the declining number of friars in the Philippines resulted to the ______.
While there was an increasing demand for secular priests, many lacked proper training and are generally unfit to manage the parishes. Between the 1820s to the 1840s, many of the parishes under secular control were decreed to be transferred back to the regular clergy. (Ayaw ng mga peninsulares and colonial admin sa Filipino secular clergy)
transfer of the parishes to secular control
The secularization movement was headed by (a)_____, a Spanish mestizo priest who served in the capital’s cathedral. In 1863, he died in an (b)____ which destroyed many buildings in Manila.
The leadership of the movement was taken by ______, who were all mestizos.
a) Fr. Pedro Pelaez
b) Fr. Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez, and Fr. Jacinto Zamora
Motivated by liberal success in Spain, the ____,along with educated indios began organizing themselves into groups. Many hoped that reforms would now be possible in the colony as it was in Spain.
creoles (insulares)
Men of creole, mestizo, and Indio backgrounds organized themselves in the (a)______.Most of them were businessmen and lawyers, some were military officials.
The Comite had a youth arm, the (b)______, which was largely active in Letran and Santo Tomas.
a) Comite de Reformadores
b) Juventud Escolar Liberal
This revolt on Jan 20 1872 was triggered by Governor-General Rafael Izquiredo’s revocation of privileges given to native soldiers in the colonial army.
The colonial government then identified the GOMBURZA as the primary instigators of the revolt.
The GOMBURZA were officially charged with treason and sedition, punishable by death.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
This (a) class was able to send their sons to European universities, later known as (b) ____.
The members of the propaganda movement thought that it was safer and more effective to ask for reforms straight from the government in Madrid.
a) clase media
b) Ilustrados
In 1880s, the ilustrados began to make coordinated efforts to introduce reforms in the Philippines. The collection of these efforts is called _____.
Propaganda movement
Explain the reforms of the Propaganda movement.
1) To evaluate the status of the PH from being a colony to an official Spanish province. These ilustrados were also seen as assimilationists
2) To intensify the secularization of Philippine churches, which would minimize the power of the power of the regulars
3) To introduce more educational reforms, to make education more accessible to the native population and to remove schools from friar control
4) To improve the economic conditions of the PH
This provided a valuable platform and space for the propaganda movement’s leaders to connect share ideas and potentially strategize their activities.
The first step that the ilustrado took in their campaign for reforms in the colony was to establish ties with liberal-minded Spaniards.
Freemasonry
The ____was formed by the ilustradoes and some sympathetic Spanish citizen. Their goal was to convince Spanish politicians and lawmakers to support the provincehood of the PH.
Asosacion Hispano-Filipino
The ______focused on writing, particularly through an official bimonthly newspaper of the same name. The organization was established in January 1889.
La Solidaridad
The editorship of the La Solaridad was first offered to (a)____, who declined for he was working on a different thing. The position first went to (b)____ from Ilo-ilo, then to (c)___of Bulacan
(a) Rizal
(b) Graciano Lopez y Jaena
c) Marcelo H. del Pilar
Pen names of contributors to La Solidaridad
1) Kalipulako
2) Laong Laan and Dimasalang
3) Plaridel
4) JOMAPA
1) Mariano Ponce
2) Rizal
3) Marcelo Del Pilar
4) Jose Maria Panganiban
The las issues of La Solidaridad was released on Nov 15 1895 due to____
Lack of funding and due to the changing perspective of ilustraodoes on how to achieve social change
*Del Pilar died the next year of tuberculosis.
In 1892, ___went back to the Philippines after growing frustrated over the lack of unity and progress in the campaigns in Europe.
Rizal
___ and ____’s differing vision for the propaganda movement led to divisions within. In the end, no tangible reforms were implemented, not to mention the insufficient support and disputes among propagandists.
Rizal and Del Pilar
Rizal established ____. Unlike the Propaganda movement which focused on public appeals to the Spanish government, this aimed to build a stronger foundation for nationalism and social progress within the Philippines itself.
Aims: to unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body, defending against all violence and injustice.
La Liga Filipina
For establishing La Liga due to it being classified as a subversive organization, Rizal was arrested three days later under the orders of (a)___. Rizal was sent to (b)____ as a political exile.
a) Governor-General Eulogio
b) Dapitan
Name notable founding members of the La Liga
Apolinario Mabini- lawyer from batangas
and Andres Bonifacio- warehouse worker from Tondo
Upon learning the deportation of Rizal in 1892, a revolutionary secret society was founded called ______.
Members advocated for freedom from the yoke of Spain, to be achieved through armed struggle. They believed it was their responsibility to help the poor and oppressed and to teach them good manners, hygiene, and morality.
Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
The first supremo of KKK was (a)____. They were followed by (b)____.
a) Deodato Arellano
b) Roman Basa
The organizational structure of the Katipunan has small branches, governed by the (a)_____. The small branches would form larger provincial councils, governed by (b)____. All these would be overseen by the (c)_____.
a) sangguniang balangay
b) sangguniang bayan
c) Kataas-taasang Sanggunian
In the Katipunan, judicial power rested in the (a)____. Judgement on grave matters (such betraying the Katipunan) were meted by the (b)______ composed of (c)____.
a) Sangguniang hukuman
b) Camara Negra
c) Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Dr. Pio Valenzuela
Explain the recruitment process of the Katipunan
A neophyte, accompanied by his padrino (sponsor) was brought to a small room, infront of a cabinet draped in black. He was seated at a table which rested a bolo, revolver, and a set of questions.
The mabalasik (master of ceremonies) would tell him to back down if he does not have enough courage. If he persisted, he is led blindfolded into another room for physical test.
Final rites involved the neophyte signing oath of membership in his blood, usually drawn from a cut made by a scalpel to the left forearm.
To build a network of triangles, members of the Katipunan needed to ____. This method is known as_____.
a) recruit two new adherents who would not know each other
b) hasik
The organizational structure of the Katipunan entailed three ranks of membership. Enumerate from lowest to highest rank (including clothing distinction and password)
1) katipon (back hood; PW is Anak ng Bayan)
2) Kawal (green hood; PW is GomBurZa)
3) Bayani (Red mask and red sash with green borders; PW: Rizal)
*For katipon and kawal, yung masks nila with white triangle and letters Z. LI. B.
* For Bayani, yung white triangle nila has K. K. K. Z. LI. B.
Members of the Katipuna were to pay entrance fee of ____ or a unit of currency equal to 1/8 og a silver real peso, and monthly dues for the benefit fund collected every session.
one real fuerte
To plan the war, the Katipunan sought suggestions of Dr. Jose Rizal in Dapitan. Enumerate his recommendations.
1) collect enough weapons for the katipuneros
2) Enlist the support of the clase media for financial assistance (targeted Roxas Limjap and Yangco families of Manila through blackmail).
3) Designate a competent military leader who will further strategize the war, recommending Antonio Luna who rejected the request.
The Katipunan also published a newspaper called _____ where the works of the Katipunero were published. To mislead authorities, del Pilar was identified as editor and Yokohama as the place of publication.
Kalayaan
The Katipunan was discovered in August 1896 due to a conflict between (a)_____ and (b)______, who both worked for the Diario de Manila. (a) revealed the existence of Katipunan to his sister Honoria, a nun working for a Spanish orphanage.
a) Teodoro Patino
b) Apolonio dela Cruz
What are the three distinct yet related events of the Cry of Balintawak
1) decision to proceed to with the revolution
2) tearing of the cedulas personales
3) first encounter between Filipino and Spanish Forces
The battles in Manila were headed by ___
Bonifacio
During the outbreak of revolution, (a)____ were defeated and (b)____ succeeded
a) Manila
b) Cavite
The revolutionary success in Cavite fanned the rivalry between the ____and _____.
Magdalo (Kawit) headed by Aguinaldos and Magdiwang (Noveleta) headed by Mariano Alvarez
The Cavite revolutionists called for the establishment of a new revolutionary goverment in December 1897 that will replace the Kataastaasang Sanggunian of the Katipunan
Imus Assembly
This meeting is when Bonifacio went to Cavite and convened a meeting at San Francisco de Malabon on March 1897
Tejeros Convention
In the meeting in Cavite in March 1897, who was elected president and secretary of interior
Aguinaldo and Bonifacio, respectively
During the oath-taking of Aguinaldo and Bonifacio during the meeting in Cavite in 1897, he protested, believing that the secretary of interior should be an educated individual
Daniel Tirona
Siya yung nagwalk out sa Tejeros
Bonifacio
This detailed the reasons why the convention had to be declared null and void
Acta de Tejeros
This ordered all revolutionaries to recognize the Katipunan as the sole legitimate government of the PH
Noic Military Agreement
Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of ____ and his brothers ____ and ____ for allegedly committing treason and sedition
*After the convention in Cavite, revolutionaries were divided between Bonifacio and the Katipunan and Aguinaldo and his newly formed government.
Bonifacio and his brothers: Procopio and Ciriaco
Due to Cavitenos sustaining defeats, ____was forced to move his headquarters out of the province. He moved to San Miguel, Bulacan after his party was rejected the revolutionaries in southern luzon
Aguinaldo
In Bulacan, Aguinaldo inaugurated a republic, popularly known as the _______, which had a constitution. Its words were simply lifted from Cuba’s Jimaguayu Constitution.
Republic of Biak na Bato
What happened to Biak na Bato?
It only lasted for two months after Aguinaldo decided to enter secret negotiations with Primo de Rivera with the help of the illustrado Pedro Paterno
In exchange for the cessation of hostilities and their voluntary exile to Hong Kong, Aguinaldo and his government received 800,000 pesos
