From Boats to Barangays Flashcards
Assigned topic 1
Refers to modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Ardipithecus)
Hominin
Along with the Sahul Shelf, they are considered as biogeographical regions that house more than thousands of flora and fauna.
During the last glacial maximum of the Pleistocene Epoch, large portion of this is exposed.
Sunda Shelf (Sundaland)
This condition in the present-day Southeast Asian Region invited human migration from other regions, populating the area with new inhabitants.
Mild Climate
This is a biogeographical boundary that separates the former Sundaland with the Sahul Shelf
Huxley’s Line
These two biogeographical concepts provide key insights on the PH serving as a migration crossroad in the millenniums that followed.
The Sundaland and Huxley’s Line
Earliest human activity in the PH is dated to about 700,000 years ago.
Identify what was found in an archaeological dig, in which part of Luzon, and the layer of population.
Butchered rhinoceros bone with a stone tool in Northern Luzon (first layer of population)
Provide the two evidences of Hominin presence in the PH
Tabon Man in Palawan (fossilized fragment of a female skull and jaw bones)
Callao Man in Cagayan (teeth and metatarsals)
This epoch marks the period immediately after the last glacial maximum (~11 KYA) and saw significant alterations in the biological and geographical landscapes.
Holocene Epoch (Anthropocene)
The Holocene Epoch witnessed the slow transition from (a)___ to (b)____. This also facilitated adoption of new forms of tool production associated with (c)___ technology (polished stone tools).
a) hunting and gathering lifestyle
b) food production
c) neolithic
During the Holocene Epoch, a (a)___layer of population reach the PH by way of (b) ___.
This process was initially explained by the (c)____ and later by the (d)____.
a) second
b) seagoing crafts
c) Waves of Migration Model
d) Austronesian Migration Models
Explain the Waves of Migration Model
This model argues that several distinct waves of migrants (Negritos, Indones, Malay) led to cultural and physical differences among Filipinos.
Explain the Austronesian Migration Model
This model proposes that all present-day Austronesian speakers came from a single ancestor called the proto-Austronesians.
In locating the Austronesian Homeland, two models attempted to locate the homeland of the proto-Austronesians. Provide the two.
1) Out-of-Taiwan Model of Peter Bellwood
2) Willhelm Solheim’s Island Origin Hypothesis
Explain the Out-of-Taiwan Model of Peter Bellwood in locating the Austronesian homeland.
This claims that the proto-Austronesians came from Southern China and sailed out due to overpopulation.
Explain Willhelm Solheim’s Island Origin Hypothesis in locating Austronesian homeland
This claims that the Austronesian homeland is the islands of Mindanao and Indonesia, and that the group spread due to trading.
Provide the focus and evidence of the Out-of-Taiwan model in locating Austronesian homeland.
Focus: Migration of Austronesian-speaking people
Evidence: The distribution of Austronesian languages
Provide the focus and evidence of the Island-Origin Model in locating Austronesian homeland.
Focus: Trade and cultural exchange
Evidence: Similarities in a wide range of artifacts found across vast distances, including pottery styles, decorative motifs on tools and weapons, and even ornaments.
Austronesian languages, forming a large language family with over 120 member languages, trace their roots back to a common ancestor, (a)_____, spoken thousands of years ago in (b)_____
a) Proto-Austronesian
b) Taiwan
Austronesians are renowned for their exceptional (a)____ skills, navigating vast distances and colonizing remote islands across the Pacific Ocean. Their (b)____, with their stability and efficiency, were instrumental in their maritime success.
a) seafaring skills
b) double outrigger canoes
Social Structure: Austronesian societies were traditionally organized into (a)_____, with a (b)____ holding some level of authority.
a) Villages
b) chief or headman
Ancestor worship,____ (belief in spirits inhabiting natural elements, was prevalent to the Austronesians. hey also showcased rich tapestry, including wood carving, weaving, tattooing, and boat decorations.
Animism
The barangay is from the term (a)_____, which was the generic Austronesian word for a (b)_____
a) Balangay
b) sea vessel
This was a sociopolitical organization that existed in precolonial Philippines, particularly in Luzon and Visayas.
In Mindanao, this is called kampong
Barangay
In barangays, independent entities in terms of territory, resources, and set of laws are called ____
batasan
This is the act of barangays engaging in wars (slave raiding)
pangangayaw
(a) The population of the barangay was stratified according to one’s economic standing.
This noble class is the wealthiest and the most powerful. They had the chieftain called (b)_____
a) Maginoo (Luzon) or Kadatoan ( Visayas)
b) Datu
The maginoos and kadatoans enjoyed honorific titles such as (a)_____ and (b)_____.
They had princesses called (c)_____ or secluded maiden.
a) ginoo
b) poon
c) binukot under the maginoo class
The commoners in barangays are called (a)_____. They had considerable wealth and are DEBTLESS. They, however, were not in the lineage of datus.
They pay taxes to the datu called (b)_____ and had the liberty to move into a different barangay.
a) Maharlika (Luzon) or timawa (Visayas)
b) buwis
In the class of commoners in the barangays, these are the group of people included. They always paid taxes to not be demoted to the lower class.
bagani or soldiers;
panday or craftsman;
babaylan or priestess
Among the commoners, they are held commonly by women, They were considered the mediators between the physical world and the spiritual realm.
Babaylan or priestess
The babaylans performed (a)_____, a ritual to appease the precolonial deities called (b)_____.
a) pag-aanito
b) anito or diwata
This is the class of slaves in the barangays.
Alipin (Luzon) or oripun (Visayas)
Explain the system of debt in the class of slaves in the barangays.
They had debt they could not fulfill, and thus could be INHERITED; for being a prisoner of war or as a form of criminal punishment.
NOT PERMANENT and was guided by CONTRACTS; can best be described as BONDAGE.
This is a cultural practice of tattooing in the barangays in the 16ht century
pagbabatuk
Besides, tattooing, barangays also had the practice of changing the appearance of their teeth. These include (a)_____ and (b)_____
a) pagpupusad (gold fillings)
b) chewing of nganga (betel chews)
*They also used the tugbuk (pin) and sakra (lock) among men.
Describe the religion in the barangays
The religion in the barangay is described as UNORGANIZED due to the varying practices and beliefs.
A common theme is belief in POWERFUL HIGHER BEINGS (POLYTHEISTIC) who resided within communities.
Deities of the barangays are connected to nature and anthropomorphic in terms of appearance and behavior. Give examples from Luzon and Visayas (include minor deities)
*Deities could be wrathful if not given proper attention and respect–but usually benevolent.
Luzon- Bathala, Aman Sinaya, and Amihan
Visayas- Makaptan, Magwayen, and Saragnayan
Minor deities- Lakambakod and Dalikmata
There is another group of higher beings in barangays that are considered inherently malevolent called _____.
Aswang
Explain what aswangs are.
- They appear as normal people during the day, but transform to their true forms at night.
- They constantly inflict pain and sickness on people, and fed on human liver, corpses, and dirt.
- Examples include tiktik, patianac, and tigbalang.
- Associated with them is a MANGKUKULAM or village witch. Specific kinds include mambabarang and matatanggal.
This is called the last ‘ice age.’ Most of Southeast Asia’s landmass was exposed during this time. People forced to migrate brought with the paleolithic tradition.
Late Pleistocene.
Their tools included stones for hunting.
He discovered the tabon cave in Palawan. He found tabon man remains
Robert Fox
Tabon man is considered the oldest (a)_____ in Southeast Asia.
Callao man or (b)_____ is considered the earliest evidence of hominin that predates tabon.
a) Homo sapiens
b) Homo Luzonesis
Sundaland, now submerged under waterm extends up to _____
Palawan
He created the Waves of Migration Model
Henry Otley Beyer
Enumerate the waves of migration in the Waves of Migration Model
- 250,000 years ago - “Dawn Man”, a cave-man type human who was related to Java Man, Peking Man and other Asian Homo erectus specimens, was present in the Philippines.
- 30,000 years ago - The Negritos, an aboriginal group of hunters and gatherers, arrived in the archipelago via land bridges.
- 6,000 years ago - A group from Indonesia capable of travelling across the sea and wielding tools became the first immigrants to reach the Philippines using the ocean.
- 3,000 years ago - The Civilised and seafaring Malays with more developed boat building skills–may outrigger at sail na sila— brought Iron Age culture to the Philippines and became the dominant group ahead of the arrival of the Spanish in the pre-colonial period.
What is the problem with the Waves of Migration Model?
Dr. Beyer cannot divide the population by distinct physical appearance—you cannot identify if one is Malay and therefore part of the latter waves of migration.
Dr. Beyer also emphasizes the INWARD PUSH in his model. However, this does not consider the interactions between these waves.
He proposed the Austronesian Migration Model or the Out-of-Taiwan
Peter Bellwood
Explain the Out-of-Taiwan Model
The model suggests that in around 3,000 BCE, Austronesian-speaking people began to experience significant population growth, which continued for more than 1,000 years. This is thought to have led to increase migration, with some of the first settlers believed to have landed in and around Luzon in the Philippines.
Austronesian people began to mingle and intertwine with Australo-Melanesian people, who are thought to have inhabited the islands around 23,000 years earlier. Over the next 1,000 years, they slowly spread to the rest of the Philippines and continued to migrate further, to areas including Borneo, Polynesia, Madagascar, New Zealand and Easter Island.
Mas nadisperse yung language. Based sa notes ko, from China then Taiwan then nagdiverge.
As Solheim’s Island Origin Hypothesis contradicts Bellwood’s theory, he also developed a hypothesis that a trade and communication network first appeared in the Asia-Pacific region during its Neolithic age, or beginning roughly around 5000 BC. Identify.
Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN)
*He believed that Nusantao were people who adopted the language and spread it for communication and trading.
‘Most of the Nusantao probably spoke a related or pre-Austronesian language, but there were likely some who spoke a non-Austronesian language as well… I did not consider non-maritime Austronesian-speakers as Nusantao.’ - Solheim
mas katanggap-tanggap paren daw yung kay Bellwood
*In barangays, these coexist independent of each other politically but dependent economically.
Ilawud and Ilaya
In pangangayaw, barangays do blood alliances called ___
Sandugo
In the political and social classes during the precolonial period, this group of people had leaders who have martial prowess and could protect their territory. They, however, had no economic advantage due to not having any access to anchorages (daungan)
Datuships
In the political and social classes during the precolonial period, this group of people led regionships in coastal regions and had access to anchorages. They had the economic advantage over datus as they could bring more food inside the barangays. They have the responsibility to divide resources over datus that are under them\ allies with them.
Rajahnates
In the political and social classes during the precolonial period, this group of people were considered most powerful among datus and rajas. They were highly bureaucratic that were greatly influenced by Islam, calling the community of believers as ‘UMA.’
Sultanates
When sultanates participated in pangangayaw, they had appointed admirals called (a)_____. Their adviser is called (b)_____.
a) Raja Laot
b) Ruma Bichara
The Sultans, derived on lineage (Tarsila), claimed to be connected to Prophet (a)_____. They called the heir of sultan (b)_____.
a) Muhammad
b) Raja Muda
This is the pledge of a person’s services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation.
Debt bondage
This type of alipin could own a house and live away from the master’s house (our modern version is the “stay out” helper)
Aliping namamahay
This type of alipin had absolutely nothing and stayed in the master’s household (our modern version is the “stay in” helper or kasambahay, or domestic helper.
*Debt is inherited
Aliping sagigilid
Explain the difference between power and authority during the precolonial period.
Power- Can be attained through wealth-building and pangangayaw. If people with authority were not worthy to have it, people can move to other brangay. In short, power is when people follow you.
Authority- The right to lead, based on lineage
During the precolonial times, what does more tattoo on a person mean?
Higher social position
*Batikan or very skilled warriors have a lot of tattoos
