The Peokaryotic Cell

Question 1

What are the two groups of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

1.bacteria
2. Archaea

Question 2

Three common shapes

Answer 2

Cocci, bacillus , helical

Question 3

Cell wall function + description

Answer 3

Description : consists of many amino acids and peptidoglycan (an amino acid)
Function: stop cell from bursting
Gives cell characteristic shape
Supports cell

Question 4

Slime capsule definition and function

Answer 4

Definition: polysaccharide covering around the cell membrane
Function: PROTECT against predators such as white blood cells
Allows prokaryotes to stick together sometimes, forming COLONIES

Question 5

CELL MEMBRNE FUNCTION AND DEFINTION

Answer 5

Definition: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
Function: Isolates contents from inside of the cell from contents outside
Controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 6

DNA function and definition

Answer 6

• SINGLE COILED DNA STRAND, in the region of the cytoplasm called NUCLEOID
• carries GENETIC INFORMATION

Question 7

Plasmids

Answer 7

-circular DNA fragments
- DNA code for only particular genes

Question 8

RIBOSOMES

Answer 8

-structures made up of proteins and RNA
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (creation)

Question 9

STORAGE GRANULES

Answer 9

• glycogen granules or lipid droplets
• food (energy) store

Question 10

Photosynthetic llamalae

Answer 10

-sac like CAVITIES, containing photosynthetic pigments.
-PHOTOSYNTHESIS ( only photosynthetic prokaryotes)

Question 11

Meso some

Answer 11

• Infolding on the cell membrane
• site for respiration

Question 12

Flagellum

Answer 12

Rigid, shaped into a wave and no microtubules present
Movement

Question 13

PILI

Answer 13

• pin like protein projections on the prokaryotes slime capsule or exterior
• allows the prokaryote to attach itself to other prokaryotes or to other surfaces in its environment.

Question 14

Prokaryote four categories of nutrition

Answer 14

1. Photoautotrophs - use photosynthesis
   2.photoeterotrophs - light is their energy source
2. Chemolithotrophs -oxidising inorganic compounds
3. Chemoheterobtrophs - obtain both energy and carbon from inorganic compounds

Question 15

Gram stain test

Answer 15

The gram stain test reveals the complexity of a prokaryotes cell walls, tells us whether or not a bacterium will be resistant to antibiotics.

Question 16

Gram positive bacterium characteristics

Answer 16

• thick layer of peptidoglycan
• colours purple
• non-resistant bacterium

Question 17

Gram negative bacterium characteristics

Answer 17

• colours the bacterium blue
• thin peptidoglycan layer
• possesses an outer membrane
• ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT.

Question 18

The prokaryotic flagellum

Answer 18

-flagella made from many single fibres called flagellin
-hook and body responsible for movement in a liquid medium

Question 19

Conjugation?

Answer 19

• occurs between a f(+) and an f (-) bacterium
• the f+ cell produces a F pillus or sex pillus (think of it growing a penis)
• and transfers the f plasmid through the conjugation bridge
• the f plasmid integrates into the f- now, f+ chromosome

Question 20

Transduction: Generalised

Answer 20

General transduction happens with accidents during the lytic cycle, virus package dna and subsequent infection. Almost all genes can be transferred this way.

Question 21

Transduction: specialised

Answer 21

Specialised transduction: involves accidents in the lysogenic cycle, its what the phage imprecisely excisions prophase dna, this can only transfer few genes

Question 22

Transformation general

Answer 22

When a bacterial cell dies, it can burst open allowing its genes, dna and other material to exit the cell. This is picked up by the bacterium’s and is integrated into their genes.