The Particle Model of Matter Flashcards
How was the detailed and experimentally confirmed particle model of matter devised?
After many years of development (stemming from Boltzmann and Einstein), through the collaborative work of many, many scientists, peer reviewing and collaborating each other’s work
What three key things is the particle model of matter used to explain?
- -States of matter
- -Density of materials
- -Pressure and behaviour of gases
Describe the arrangement, bonds and density of a solid
- Regular arrangement -
- Rigid bonds between particles -
- Density of 10^3 kg/m^3
Describe the arrangement, bonds and density of a liquid
- -Irregular arrangement
- -Flexible bonds between particles
- -Denisty of 10^3 kg/m^3
Describe the arrangement, bonds and density of a gas
- -No arrangement
- -No bonds between particles
- -Density of 10^-1 kg/m^3
Describe the behaviour of particles in a solid:
They can only vibrate if given kinetic energy
Describe the behaviour of particles in a liquid:
They can take the shape of the container
Describe the behaviour of particles in a gas:
They move to fill up the container
What is a system?
A collection of particles
How is the internal energy of a system defined?
As the sum of the particles’ kinetic and potential energies
What is the kinetic energy of a particle associated with?
- -The energy associated with movement so therefore:
- -Associated with the temperature of the system (temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy)
What is the potential energy of particles associated with?
-Their configuration so therefore: -The state of the system
What is fusion?
Liquid to a solid
What is vaporisation?
Liquid to a gas
What energy transfers can result in a change of state?
- -The change in pressure and volume
- -Electrical energy
How do you calcualte density?
Mass/Volume
How do you calculate the change in internal energy resulting in a change of temperature?
Energy transferred = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change of the system
How do you calculate the change in internal energy resulting in a change of state at a constant temperature?
energy transferred = specific latent heat x mass that changes state
How do you calculate the percentage difference to evaluate data?
((measured-true)/(true) ) x 100
What do you conclude when your results are within 10% of the actual data?
Data can be considered to be within the bonds of experimental probability
Plan an experiment which would allow someone to measure the density of an irregular shaped object
- Measure the mass of the object using a top pan balance
- Fill a measuring cylinder partly with water and measure the initial volume
- Place the object into the measuring cyclinder and measure the new volume
- Work out volume of object by doing new volume-initial volume
- Substitute volume and mass values into density equation (Mass/Volume)
- Repeat the experiment multiple times (at least 3) to calculate a mean density
What did Einstein’s explanation of Brownian Motion result in?
A kinetic theory describing the motion of particles
How did Einstein explain the random motion of visible particles?
They result from random motion of invisble particles causing them to collide with the visible particles
What is the relationship between temperature and average kinetic energy of particles?
Temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of a particle or a system of particles
Describe and explain the concept of absolute zero (0 kelvin):
If temperature is proportional to the average kinetic energy of a particle, when temperature reaches the lowest point possible (0K), the kinetic energy of particles in a system is zero
How is pressure exerted on a surface or a container by a system of particles?
Pressure is exerted as a result of collisions between the particles of the system and the walls of the container or the surface
How do you calculate momentum? What does this demonstrate?
Momentum = Mass x Velocity
Shows us that moving, massive particles have momentum