the origins Flashcards
First Estate, population, privileges, exemptions, burdens
Clergy, bishops, monks, nuns, lower clergy
plurality, power over the people, tithes,
exemption from taxes
vast wealth of church made them unpopular, took care of lowers estates through hospitals, education and poor relief
Second Estate, population, privileges, exemptions, burdens
nobility, court nobles 4000, noblesse de robe 1200 magistrates of parelements
very powerful, received feudal dues, monopoly rights
exempt from taxes, exempt from military conscription
had to support the monarchy and regime
Third Estate, population, privileges, exemptions, burdens
Bourgeoise 2.3 mil, peasantry, urban workers
if owned land made making money eaay
none
had to pay taxes, pay tithe to church, pay feudal dues, rent was expensive
short term causes of revolution
foreign policy
financial crisis
political crisis
economic crisis
long term causes of revolution
government, specifically taxation
deeply divided structure of french society
spread of enlightened ideas
when was the seven years war
how much debt did it create
1756-63
1.8 billion livres
when was the estates generals last summoned
why is this significant
1614
hadn’t been called in so long ?
What were Montesquieu’s key ideas
Challenged the structure of the ancien regime
argued for feudalism and estaes to be abolished
favoured a constitutional monarchy
However, democracy would lead to mob rule and ruling elites understood how to govern
What were Voltaire’s key ideas
Publicly shamed the french monarchy
freedom of expression
criticised the power of the catholic church
republican, proclaimed in a republic equality can be more closely achieved
What were Rousseau’s key ideas
Everyone in a society should collectively decide laws
equal rights
citizens have a duty to rulers but duties should be equal
everyone has a right for freedom
republican, believed monarchies only benefitted the ruling class
how were Enlightened ideas spread
Through salons and cafes
Mainly spread through nobility and bourgeoisie
pamphlets were common in urban areas
what did the government do to prevent the spread of enlightened ideas
controlled the publication of literature
printers needed a royal license to print
publications to be approved by royal censor
church had to approve
how did the ideas spread despite government restrictions
printing press operated illegally
rules weren’t heavily enforced
pamphlets were brought into France from being printed in Geneva where censorship wasn’t as strict
What was ‘the social contract’
Book written by Rousseau in 1762
was banned from being printed
talks about free will and if everyone works towards and follows the rules a better society could be made
How did Rousseau’s ideas challenge french society/encourage revolution
he wanted freedom, many people did not have freedom within french society and feudalism meant they couldn’t escape this life
monarchy also meant people freedom could be taken without trial with letters de cachet
How did Montesquieu’s ideas challenge french society/ encouraged revolution
A legislative assembly to check on the king would take power from the monarchy making the monarchy constitutional, would give he people more power.
Didn’t like the lack of freedom in the estates
How did Voltaire’s ideas challenge french society/ encourage revolution
Criticised the power the church had so didn’t like the estates system believed people shouldn’t be ruled by other estates
published many books without censoship approval
how did the American revolution impact enlightened ideas in france
Enlightened ideas were being brought back from America after France had helped them gain their independence,
Influenced towards republicanism equality and liberty
when were to bad harvests and what did they do
Bad harvests throughout 1780s especially 1788
led to an increase in grain prices therefore bread prices, Aus 1788- May 1789 50% increase.
How did much of the peasantry live
hand to mouth, lived off church poor relief
What did the decrease fir manufactured goods lead to
Unemployment within urban workers.
people got annoyed and then took to the streets in rebellion
peasantry rose up to the great fear
two types of taxes, what they did
Direct tax, payed by the person, relation to wealth population
INdirect tax, tax on purchased goods
Taille, capitation, vingtieme, gabelle
tax, type, on what, who payed
Taille, direct, land tax, 3rd
capitation, direct, wealth, 3rd 2nd(could be exempt)
vingtieme, direct, income 1/20, 3rd
gabelle, indirect, salt, all (1st 2nd ould exempt)
what was the exemption that 2nd and 1st estates could buy
don gatuit
what did. tax farmers do
collected indirect taxes, often violent and corrupt so abused their position
why wa debt so large and how mcuh of state expenditure was spent on it
large loans had been taken sue to the 7 years war
43% of state expenditure was on tax
state spending was was higher than icome, debt was only becoming worse
what impact had the 7 years war had
war with britian over colonies
huge debt, poor suffered from the weathly’s decisions
impact of the american war
french supported the colonies break from britain
1.3 billion livres cost, led to 50% increase in debt
brought back enlightened, revolutionary ideas
what was venatily and how many people bought it
what was the impact of this
the purchase of titles by the 3rd estate to get 2nd estate privileges and closer to the king, 30-50 k bought these titles
was a good short term solution to gain money, in long term took wealthy tax payer out of tax
showed royal administration was based only on wealth rather than integrity
why did louis lack the skills of a king
Louis father and brother died at a young age so he took over from his grandfather,
he wasn’t well trained to be king, indecisive, lacking in court and politically inexperienced
when was the annoncemnt of the estates generals
1788
why was marie atoinette disliked
she was Austrian and never trusted as any believed she would have manipulates the king for Austrain intrest
took ages for her to produce an heir in 1781
criticised for royal ependiture, excessive, realistically no more than others
what damaged marie’s reputation
scandal over 1.6 million liver necklace that she bought,
she was innocnet but her reputation damaged
when was turgot controller general
1774 - may 1776
what were turgot’s reforms
free trade removed controls and fixed prices
what did the free trade reform of turgot lead to
bad harvests in 1774-5 caused rise in grain prices
led to rural uprisings, flour wars
peasantry targeted bakeries and merchants, accused nobility/bourgiesise of hoarding
what happnened to turgot in 1776 in the lead to his dimissal
he became bolder, wanted to abolish privliage, corvee, and introducte universal land tax for all
parlements refused and he was then dissmissed by the king
what did necker publish in 1781 that made him so popular
and what did it cause
compte rendu au roi
record of state finances,
showed fake surplus of 10 mil livres
made more people give loans to france, increased debt
truth came out about the state deficit caused huge shock
what reforms did necker try and put in place
wanted to replace venal officers with trained officals, reduced opportunitues for the wealthy, faced opposition
reduced tax farmers, saw thier corruption adn inefficency
took steps to provincial assmblyies, represented 3rd estate
when was calonne controller general
1783-1787
what ideas and reforms did Calonne have
increase state income by sale of church lands
universal land tax
Needed approval of assembly of notables
sceptical of the figures due to compte rendu, scepticale of the need for radicalism
what was one of briennes reforms
paris parlements agreed to a free trade
faced oppososition for a universal land tax, refused
argured fro meeting of the estates generals
what happened as result of briennes reform of universla land tax being refused
louis exiled the paaris parelement,
seen as tyrant
tried to impose a rule that reduced the legislave power of the parlements
revolt of the aristocracy
what was the most famous recolt of the aristocracy
day of tiles
parlement of genoble refused to be exiled
royal soilders went to forcilbly dismiss and arrest
violence broke out, roof tiles thrown at soilders
some see as the start of the revolution
when were to parlements recalled
august 1788
france bankrupt, payments suspended, no pay for soilders, cut francs royal court
brienne resigned necker recalled
call of esates general
what did people provide for the estates generals
caheier de doleances, grivences to be discussed, complaints and proposals
crown only expected talks of taxation, raised issues of wanting a new consititution
What is the third estate
written by abeis syeis
pamphlet wriiten about the rights of thier rights
when did estaes generals meet
5th may 1789
how many members of each estate were there in the estates generals
303 1st estate
282 2nd estate
578 3rd estate
3rd estate was allowed to double in size due represation of equality
voting was still by state not head however 2nd and 1st estates stood for the 3rd estates rights
what happened on the 17th june 1789
3rd estate deputies declared them selves the national assembly
body that would be responsible for a new constitution
19th june 1st estate joins
what did louis call for the 23rd june 1789
seance royale
discuss reforms
what happnede with the 3rd estate and the seance royale 20th june
they found the doors locked as preperations were being made
saw this as the king wanting to keep them out
then met at a tennis court
what happened at the tennis court
under leadership from mirabeau
3rd estate deputies swore tennis court oath
not to disperse until a new consitution was made with or without consent from the king
what restrictions did the king put to his power at the seance royale
and what decsions did he make
abolishment of lettres de chachet freedom of press, no censorship new taxation that would be approved by a representative body no changes to privliages of estates national assembly vois
what was the 3rd estates reaction to the kings decsion at the seance royale
refused to leave
joined by other estates
louis couldnt refuse so the national assembly was made legitaimate
why were more troops brought into paris
louis feared open revolt
caused anger, tensions were already high due to rising bread and grain prices
where did they go for arms and when
11th july 1789
les inveledes
how many muskets did they get from les invaldes
28000
when was the storming of the bastille
14th july 1789
why did they storm the bastille
bastille signified the absolutism rule of the bourbon monarchy
freed the prisoners who had unfarily been imprisoned under lettres de cachet
within the prison was gunpowder which the people wanted to put in their guns
what happened at he storming of the bastille
demanded entry and gunpowder
de launy started fire and violece broke out, bloodshed
de launy tried to compromise and said if they didnt surrednder he would blow it up
they didnt surrender so he did and gave up the powder
he then got killed in the streets of paris on the way to his trial
what was the impact of the storming of bastille
showed louis had lost control of the streets of paris and political assemblies
what did the bourgeoisie create as result of the storming
paris commune
elected body to regain control establish a new assembly to govern the city
what were the first acts of the paris commune
set up a citizens malita, national guard, led by lafayette
national guard loyal to commune and NA not the king
was the revolution republic
NOOOO
