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French rev 1774-99 > the origins > Flashcards

the origins Flashcards

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1
Q

First Estate, population, privileges, exemptions, burdens

A

Clergy, bishops, monks, nuns, lower clergy
plurality, power over the people, tithes,
exemption from taxes
vast wealth of church made them unpopular, took care of lowers estates through hospitals, education and poor relief

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2
Q

Second Estate, population, privileges, exemptions, burdens

A

nobility, court nobles 4000, noblesse de robe 1200 magistrates of parelements
very powerful, received feudal dues, monopoly rights
exempt from taxes, exempt from military conscription
had to support the monarchy and regime

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3
Q

Third Estate, population, privileges, exemptions, burdens

A

Bourgeoise 2.3 mil, peasantry, urban workers
if owned land made making money eaay
none
had to pay taxes, pay tithe to church, pay feudal dues, rent was expensive

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4
Q

short term causes of revolution

A

foreign policy
financial crisis
political crisis
economic crisis

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5
Q

long term causes of revolution

A

government, specifically taxation
deeply divided structure of french society
spread of enlightened ideas

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6
Q

when was the seven years war

how much debt did it create

A

1756-63

1.8 billion livres

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7
Q

when was the estates generals last summoned

why is this significant

A

1614

hadn’t been called in so long ?

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8
Q

What were Montesquieu’s key ideas

A

Challenged the structure of the ancien regime
argued for feudalism and estaes to be abolished
favoured a constitutional monarchy
However, democracy would lead to mob rule and ruling elites understood how to govern

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9
Q

What were Voltaire’s key ideas

A

Publicly shamed the french monarchy
freedom of expression
criticised the power of the catholic church
republican, proclaimed in a republic equality can be more closely achieved

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10
Q

What were Rousseau’s key ideas

A

Everyone in a society should collectively decide laws
equal rights
citizens have a duty to rulers but duties should be equal
everyone has a right for freedom
republican, believed monarchies only benefitted the ruling class

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11
Q

how were Enlightened ideas spread

A

Through salons and cafes
Mainly spread through nobility and bourgeoisie
pamphlets were common in urban areas

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12
Q

what did the government do to prevent the spread of enlightened ideas

A

controlled the publication of literature
printers needed a royal license to print
publications to be approved by royal censor
church had to approve

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13
Q

how did the ideas spread despite government restrictions

A

printing press operated illegally
rules weren’t heavily enforced
pamphlets were brought into France from being printed in Geneva where censorship wasn’t as strict

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14
Q

What was ‘the social contract’

A

Book written by Rousseau in 1762
was banned from being printed
talks about free will and if everyone works towards and follows the rules a better society could be made

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15
Q

How did Rousseau’s ideas challenge french society/encourage revolution

A

he wanted freedom, many people did not have freedom within french society and feudalism meant they couldn’t escape this life
monarchy also meant people freedom could be taken without trial with letters de cachet

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16
Q

How did Montesquieu’s ideas challenge french society/ encouraged revolution

A

A legislative assembly to check on the king would take power from the monarchy making the monarchy constitutional, would give he people more power.
Didn’t like the lack of freedom in the estates

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17
Q

How did Voltaire’s ideas challenge french society/ encourage revolution

A

Criticised the power the church had so didn’t like the estates system believed people shouldn’t be ruled by other estates
published many books without censoship approval

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18
Q

how did the American revolution impact enlightened ideas in france

A

Enlightened ideas were being brought back from America after France had helped them gain their independence,
Influenced towards republicanism equality and liberty

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19
Q

when were to bad harvests and what did they do

A

Bad harvests throughout 1780s especially 1788

led to an increase in grain prices therefore bread prices, Aus 1788- May 1789 50% increase.

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20
Q

How did much of the peasantry live

A

hand to mouth, lived off church poor relief

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21
Q

What did the decrease fir manufactured goods lead to

A

Unemployment within urban workers.
people got annoyed and then took to the streets in rebellion
peasantry rose up to the great fear

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22
Q

two types of taxes, what they did

A

Direct tax, payed by the person, relation to wealth population
INdirect tax, tax on purchased goods

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23
Q

Taille, capitation, vingtieme, gabelle

tax, type, on what, who payed

A

Taille, direct, land tax, 3rd
capitation, direct, wealth, 3rd 2nd(could be exempt)
vingtieme, direct, income 1/20, 3rd
gabelle, indirect, salt, all (1st 2nd ould exempt)

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24
Q

what was the exemption that 2nd and 1st estates could buy

A

don gatuit

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25
Q

what did. tax farmers do

A

collected indirect taxes, often violent and corrupt so abused their position

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26
Q

why wa debt so large and how mcuh of state expenditure was spent on it

A

large loans had been taken sue to the 7 years war
43% of state expenditure was on tax
state spending was was higher than icome, debt was only becoming worse

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27
Q

what impact had the 7 years war had

A

war with britian over colonies

huge debt, poor suffered from the weathly’s decisions

28
Q

impact of the american war

A

french supported the colonies break from britain
1.3 billion livres cost, led to 50% increase in debt
brought back enlightened, revolutionary ideas

29
Q

what was venatily and how many people bought it

what was the impact of this

A

the purchase of titles by the 3rd estate to get 2nd estate privileges and closer to the king, 30-50 k bought these titles
was a good short term solution to gain money, in long term took wealthy tax payer out of tax
showed royal administration was based only on wealth rather than integrity

30
Q

why did louis lack the skills of a king

A

Louis father and brother died at a young age so he took over from his grandfather,
he wasn’t well trained to be king, indecisive, lacking in court and politically inexperienced

31
Q

when was the annoncemnt of the estates generals

A

1788

32
Q

why was marie atoinette disliked

A

she was Austrian and never trusted as any believed she would have manipulates the king for Austrain intrest
took ages for her to produce an heir in 1781
criticised for royal ependiture, excessive, realistically no more than others

33
Q

what damaged marie’s reputation

A

scandal over 1.6 million liver necklace that she bought,

she was innocnet but her reputation damaged

34
Q

when was turgot controller general

A

1774 - may 1776

35
Q

what were turgot’s reforms

A

free trade removed controls and fixed prices

36
Q

what did the free trade reform of turgot lead to

A

bad harvests in 1774-5 caused rise in grain prices
led to rural uprisings, flour wars
peasantry targeted bakeries and merchants, accused nobility/bourgiesise of hoarding

37
Q

what happnened to turgot in 1776 in the lead to his dimissal

A

he became bolder, wanted to abolish privliage, corvee, and introducte universal land tax for all
parlements refused and he was then dissmissed by the king

38
Q

what did necker publish in 1781 that made him so popular

and what did it cause

A

compte rendu au roi
record of state finances,
showed fake surplus of 10 mil livres
made more people give loans to france, increased debt
truth came out about the state deficit caused huge shock

39
Q

what reforms did necker try and put in place

A

wanted to replace venal officers with trained officals, reduced opportunitues for the wealthy, faced opposition
reduced tax farmers, saw thier corruption adn inefficency
took steps to provincial assmblyies, represented 3rd estate

40
Q

when was calonne controller general

A

1783-1787

41
Q

what ideas and reforms did Calonne have

A

increase state income by sale of church lands
universal land tax
Needed approval of assembly of notables
sceptical of the figures due to compte rendu, scepticale of the need for radicalism

42
Q

what was one of briennes reforms

A

paris parlements agreed to a free trade
faced oppososition for a universal land tax, refused
argured fro meeting of the estates generals

43
Q

what happened as result of briennes reform of universla land tax being refused

A

louis exiled the paaris parelement,
seen as tyrant
tried to impose a rule that reduced the legislave power of the parlements
revolt of the aristocracy

44
Q

what was the most famous recolt of the aristocracy

A

day of tiles
parlement of genoble refused to be exiled
royal soilders went to forcilbly dismiss and arrest
violence broke out, roof tiles thrown at soilders
some see as the start of the revolution

45
Q

when were to parlements recalled

A

august 1788
france bankrupt, payments suspended, no pay for soilders, cut francs royal court
brienne resigned necker recalled
call of esates general

46
Q

what did people provide for the estates generals

A

caheier de doleances, grivences to be discussed, complaints and proposals
crown only expected talks of taxation, raised issues of wanting a new consititution

47
Q

What is the third estate

A

written by abeis syeis

pamphlet wriiten about the rights of thier rights

48
Q

when did estaes generals meet

A

5th may 1789

49
Q

how many members of each estate were there in the estates generals

A

303 1st estate
282 2nd estate
578 3rd estate
3rd estate was allowed to double in size due represation of equality
voting was still by state not head however 2nd and 1st estates stood for the 3rd estates rights

50
Q

what happened on the 17th june 1789

A

3rd estate deputies declared them selves the national assembly
body that would be responsible for a new constitution
19th june 1st estate joins

51
Q

what did louis call for the 23rd june 1789

A

seance royale

discuss reforms

52
Q

what happnede with the 3rd estate and the seance royale 20th june

A

they found the doors locked as preperations were being made
saw this as the king wanting to keep them out
then met at a tennis court

53
Q

what happened at the tennis court

A

under leadership from mirabeau
3rd estate deputies swore tennis court oath
not to disperse until a new consitution was made with or without consent from the king

54
Q

what restrictions did the king put to his power at the seance royale
and what decsions did he make

A 
abolishment of lettres de chachet
freedom of press, no censorship
new taxation that would be approved by a representative body
no changes to privliages of estates
national assembly vois
55
Q

what was the 3rd estates reaction to the kings decsion at the seance royale

A

refused to leave
joined by other estates
louis couldnt refuse so the national assembly was made legitaimate

56
Q

why were more troops brought into paris

A

louis feared open revolt

caused anger, tensions were already high due to rising bread and grain prices

57
Q

where did they go for arms and when

A

11th july 1789

les inveledes

58
Q

how many muskets did they get from les invaldes

A

28000

59
Q

when was the storming of the bastille

A

14th july 1789

60
Q

why did they storm the bastille

A

bastille signified the absolutism rule of the bourbon monarchy
freed the prisoners who had unfarily been imprisoned under lettres de cachet
within the prison was gunpowder which the people wanted to put in their guns

61
Q

what happened at he storming of the bastille

A

demanded entry and gunpowder
de launy started fire and violece broke out, bloodshed
de launy tried to compromise and said if they didnt surrednder he would blow it up
they didnt surrender so he did and gave up the powder
he then got killed in the streets of paris on the way to his trial

62
Q

what was the impact of the storming of bastille

A

showed louis had lost control of the streets of paris and political assemblies

63
Q

what did the bourgeoisie create as result of the storming

A

paris commune

elected body to regain control establish a new assembly to govern the city

64
Q

what were the first acts of the paris commune

A

set up a citizens malita, national guard, led by lafayette

national guard loyal to commune and NA not the king

65
Q

was the revolution republic

A

NOOOO

French rev 1774-99 (3 decks)

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