The origin of the English Civil War Part 1 Flashcards
The significance of Charles I’s marriage 1625
It was significant due to the substantial dowry of £120,000 that accompanied it, which would be essential for the war against Spain.
Suspicions arising on religion from the Queen
Henrietta Maria could enjoy the freedom of worship as Catholics, but that the recusancy laws were being relaxed in a way that MPs found alarming.
Madrid wooing 1623-1624
It contributed to the widespread distrust of the court on religious matters, particularly in the context of Charles’s pro-Arminian stance.
Buckingham’s power
He enjoyed a seamless transition of power that confounded his enemies, a tribute to his political skill.
The negative effect of Buckingham on Charles and Parliament’s relationship
Many felt that Buckingham was closely directing Charles. He was politically over-dominant, through patronage, and he was also militarily incompetent.
Charles’s ideas of royal authority
Charles believed that the King had the power to make decisions that were beyond the competence of Parliament.
Opposition to the Divine Right - Parliament
MPs saw monarchical power removed Parliament’s independent authority and subject Parliament to the royal will
What did the Puritans seen Arminians as
worse than Catholics because they were the ‘enemy within’
Charles view on Arminianism
Charles’s vision of kingship meant that Arminianism was fine due to its emphasis on hierarchy and ceremony being in line with him.
James I’s approach in religious policy
James was rather pragmatic on religious policy due to his experience in dealing with the confrontational and uncompromising attitude of Scottish Presbyterians.
Significance of the Montague controversy of 1625
showed that Charles indifference to the fears of politically influential Puritan MPs in the House of Commons, and the way in which he would react to an apparent ‘affront’ from Parliament by becoming openly confrontation himself.
Charles began his reign at war with Spain meant that (financially)
It gave Parliament considerable political leverage over Charles, as he had to call three Parliaments in four year.
Parliament attempted to restrict the king’s power
Parliament was acting in provocative and confrontational fashion by voting only two subsidies, which worth £14,000 in total, and voting Tonnage and Poundage for just one year.
Success in the Forced Loan 1625
The Forced Loan raised more money for the King than the four parliamentary subsidies would have done, and was collected in the face of opposition.
What was Charles’s thought on the Forced Loan in 1625
It prompted Charles to think that finance could be raised more efficiently without the uncertainty, delay and expense of calling Parliament.
What was wrong with Forced Loan of 1625
It challenged Parliament’s role in voting taxation because taxation without consent undermined Parliament’s most important privilege. It was also going against the principle stated in the Magna Carta in 1215
Significance of the Five Knights’ case 1627
Charles’s prerogative powers were being legally challenged and the decision was far from being an endorsement of his prerogative to imprison without ‘due process’.
Common feeling on the Five Knights’ Case of 1627
Many thought that Charles’s rule was pushing his sovereign rights to their limits
The cost of war and relations with Parliament 1625
It gave Parliament considerable political leverage over Charles, as he had to call three Parliaments in four year.
Parliament attempted to restrict the king’s power
• Financial
Parliament was acting in provocative and confrontational fashion by voting only two subsidies, which worth £14,000 in total, and voting Tonnage and Poundage for just one year.
Charles’s thought on Parliament attempt in restricting his power
Charles felt that Parliament was being too arrogant and innovative, demanding powers, and regarded the limit grant of T&P as a direct attack on his own Divine Right
The York House Conference 1626
Buckingham made his Arminian sympathies implicit during the conference, yet it was merely a reflection of Charles’s own sternly-held preferences
Why were there support for England to go to war with Spain
Declaring war on Spain could force Spain to evacuate the Palatinate, and to persuade the Emperor to do the same
What was the problem of England being in war with both Spain and France?
This had increased dependence on Parliament at a time of mounting political conflict.
Parliament’s comment on Buckingham’s military incompetence
Parliament blamed Buckingham for the military failure in Mansfeld and Cadiz expedition, and expected the King to remove him for his bad influence.
Consequence of dissolving Parliament in 1626 to protect the impeachment of Buckingham
Charles lost the bill that would have given him 4 subsidies, money that he desperately needed to fight the war with Spain.
What was the Petition of Right of 1628
The Petition asked the king to acknowledge four simple points that Parliament claimed were basic precept of English law. It was more concerned with the legality of the Forced Loan and Charles’s illegal actions.
What was the trigger of the Five Knights’ Case
Charles could not be trusted to rule with an unwritten constitution. Many hoped that Charles could understand that there were limits to his powers as king
The significance of the Petition of Right and why Charles ‘accepted it’
Charles desperate financial straits forced him into political compromises that he could not keep. Charles had no intention of being bound by the Petition of Right
The consequences of the Petition of Right
Any hope that it could re-establish mutual trust between Crown and Parliament swiftly evaporated.
Consequence of Buckingham’s assassination
Turning point because his death gave the King the opportunity to reallocate all the titles and offices Buckingham had held since the early 1620s.
The issue of Tonnage and Poundage had not been addressed because
Charles claimed that he had not surrendered his rights to collect these monies and endorsed the work of customs officers. By removing the possibility of the Commons blaming a third party, Charles opened himself to direct censure by Parliament.
The Three Resolutions 1629
• Religion
The issue of religion became a central grievance for a more radicalised opposition in the House of Commons
The Three Resolution 1629
• Tonnage and Poundage
It denounced any person willing paid Tonnage and Poundage to the King as a traitor. This signified the political crisis had become an irreconcilable political conflict, which directly resulted in the Personal Rule.
The Three Resolution and the Personal Rule
It was the underlying financial weakness of the Crown and its instability to fund its foreign policy that had caused the breakdown in relations between Crown and Parliament.
How did Buckingham brought about opposition
The excessive influence of Buckingham over the King was one of the main grievances that ultimately led to the opposition attacking the King in the 1628 parliament
What was the consequence of the Mansfeld expedition in 1625 had on Charles
By the time the true extent of the disaster was clear, James was dead and Charles had to face the consequences.
What was the impact of Charles’s decision to continue war with Spain on ordinary people?
It led to the conscription of troops and the forced billeting of soldiers in people’s house.
Why did Charles recall parliament in 1628
He was in desperate need of funds in order to continue with his foreign policy ventures.
What was the impact of the attacks on Cadiz?
The attacks on Cadiz had been followed by a further deterioration in relations with the other major Catholic power, France
What did Charles do to the Petition of Right 1628?
He ordered the statue number to be defaced and the printer to print him unconstitutional answer along with his second answer. Thus, throwing doubt into the legality of the document.
