Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Polysomnography > The Normal Sleep > Flashcards

The Normal Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

defined as a physiological state of partial unconsciousness that is reversible, cognitive and perceptual disengagement from and to the environment are seen during this temporary unconsciousness, and from which the arousal is possible in response to any internal or external stimuli.

A

sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

sleep’s effect on the body

A

Diminished activity of the skeletal muscles
Depressed metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sleep is a state of unconsciousness that is _____, and this differentiates it from coma.

A

reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how to wake a sleeping patient properly

A

wake patient up inflict pain by pressing the nail bed and sternal rubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the person is not aware of the environment during sleep, so he does not ______ most stimuli during sleep.

A

perceive (although he may sense it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Perception is different from –

A

sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when a sensory stimulus is consciously recognized it is considered as

A

perceived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a sleeping person cannot take any conscious decision –

A

rather he reacts on instinct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This explains why patients suffering from _____ when aroused forcibly often commit violent acts.

A

sleep-walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It says that a person may be aroused with any

A

internal or external stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Internal stimuli that may arouse a person include

A

pain, anxiety or dyspnea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

External stimuli are often

A

auditory or tactile in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are active during sleep unlike other organs

A

Brain, heart, and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

will continue functioning to keep respiration, heart rate and blood pressure normal during sleep

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lack of sleep leads to

A

drowsiness, lack of concentration, impaired memory and physical performance, reduced ability to perform basic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

functions of sleep

A

restoration
energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Recovery or recuperation from illness

A

Restoration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

restoration During NREM would promote

A

physical growth and healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

During REM stage, it is an important role in restoration of brain processes like

A

Attention span
Learning and memory
Emotional healing
Performing basic social skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Increased energy use during wakefulness or wakeful hours must be offset by decreased energy consumed during sleep

A

energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Restore physical growth and healing of the body

A

energy conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Energy conservation theory

A

NREM declines with age
Energy requirement declines with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sleep has many important parameters:

A

the total duration of sleep
maintenance of sleep
at what time of the day we fall asleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Two main Stages of Sleep

A

NREM- non-rapid-eye-movement
REM -rapid-eye-movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

3 stages of NREM

A

N1
N2
N3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Transition stage between drowsiness and sleep, drifting or floating sensations

A

n1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

light sleep

A

n1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sudden muscle contraction or hypnic myoclonia

A

n1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

n1 duration

A

10-12 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

patient is easily awaken

A

n1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

n1 waves

A

Alpha, theta, vortex wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Light sleep, arousal is more difficult

A

n2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Lower heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, temperature due to the start of energy restoration and relaxed body, snoring may occur

A

n2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

n2 waves

A

K complex, spindles, theta waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

deep sleep

A

n3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

no eye movement

A

n3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vital signs are lowest in this stage, 20-30% lower, O2 consumption is low, very difficult to awaken

A

n3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

stage Important for mental and physical restoration

A

nrem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Bed-wetting, night terrors, sleep walking, or common sleep disorders may occur

A

n3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Temporary paralysis of most skeletal muscles, brain metabolism is increased to 20%, breathing rate fluctuates, irregular heart rate, snoring may or may not be present

A

rem stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

If a person is very tired, REM is ____; more rested, ____ REM

A

low, higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

rem how many minutes after N1?

A

70 to 90 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

rem duration is only about

A

5-30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

You can remember dreams in this stage unlike dreams in deep sleep

A

rem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

rem waves

A

Has theta waves, no delta, k complex, and spindles; has saw tooth pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

total sleep time of an infant is around

A

18–20 hours,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

mid-adolescence sleep time

A

(6–8 hours),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

During old age, sleep reduces to

A

5–6 hours/day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Regarding continuity, infants have _____ and they tend to wake up multiple times.

A

fragmented sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Children often go to bed

A

early at night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Children often go to bed early at night, however, during adolescence, they develop a

A

phase delay.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

refers to delayed bed-time and wake time.

A

Phase delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Aging also influences the _____ of sleep

A

electrophysiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Children have a high proportion of _______, which reduces as the person grows old.

A

N3 (deep sleep)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Sleep is dependent upon two processes:

A

Homeostatic and Circadian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

These processes together decide when we will fall asleep and also the other characteristics of sleep, such as depth, duration, maintenance, and proportion of sleep stages.

A

Homeostatic and Circadian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the two processes together decide when we will fall asleep and also the other characteristics of sleep, such as

A

depth, duration, maintenance, and proportion of sleep stages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

also known as “S”

A

Homeostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

process makes us feel sleepy depending upon the duration of wakefulness

A

Homeostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The longer the period of wakefulness, the _____ the sleep pressure

A

higher

61
Q

this process regulates the proportion of deep sleep (N3 sleep)

A

homeostatic

62
Q

this process regulates the proportion of deep sleep (N3 sleep) - the longer the period of wakefulness, the _____ the proportion of deep sleep.

A

higher

63
Q

The homeostatic process is dependent upon two major areas of the brain:

A

VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC NUCLEUS (VLPO)
MONOAMINERGIC NUCLEI

64
Q

the sleep-promoting area

A

VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC NUCLEUS (VLPO)

65
Q

which sends inhibitory signals through the GABAergic neurons to the wake-promoting area of the brain.

A

VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC NUCLEUS (VLPO)

66
Q

Wake-promoting area

A

MONOAMINERGIC NUCLEI

67
Q

part of the reticular activating system (RAS).

A

MONOAMINERGIC NUCLEI

68
Q

The activity of both wake-promoting and sleep-promoting areas is modulated through another group of neurons, _____

A

the hypocretin neurons

69
Q

that are present in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus.

A

the hypocretin neurons

70
Q

decides whether to sleep or be awake

A

Hypocretin neurons

71
Q

modulate the activity of the other two areas of the brain in such a manner that only one state of consciousness, that is, wakefulness or sleep prevails

A

the hypocretin neurons

72
Q

Damage to the hypocretin neurons leads to a condition known as

A

narcolepsy

73
Q

a person is not able to maintain either states and experiences bouts of sleepiness during wakefulness

A

narcolepsy

74
Q

Overwhelming daytime drowsiness, difficulty in staying awake for long periods of time

A

narcolepsy

75
Q

known as process “C”

A

Circadian Process

76
Q

is dependent upon environmental light.

A

Circadian Process

77
Q

Certain other factors can also regulate this process:
• Food
• Emotions
• social activity
• Exercise

A

Circadian Process

78
Q

Certain other factors can also regulate circadian process:

A

• Food
• Emotions
• social activity
• Exercise

79
Q

Factors that affect the circadian rhythm

A

zeitgebers

80
Q

Rhythmically occuring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in the regulation of the body’s circadian rhythm

A

zeitgebers

81
Q

is the strongest factor which can entrain the circadian rhythm.

A

LIGHT

82
Q

Environmental light falls on the retina and through the _______ (glutaminergic in nature), it sends signals to the

A

retinohypothalamic tract (RHT)
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

83
Q

The SCN one of the nuclei of hypothalamus and acts as the _____ circadian clock.

A

‘master clock’

84
Q

During the dark, SCN sends signals to the ______ to secrete melatonin.

A

pineal gland

85
Q

is a hormone that is released into the blood and circulated to the various organs of the body.

A

Melatonin

86
Q

responsible for making us sleep

A

Melatonin

87
Q

The SCN also sends signals to the VLPO through the _______ and thus can activate it.

A

dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH)

88
Q

In the presence of environmental light, melatonin secretion _______. This is why during the dark, we feel sleepy.

A

stops

89
Q

To fall asleep, it is important that both the homeostatic and circadian processes are in the

A

same phase.

90
Q

If homeostatic and circadian process are not synchronized, then we may feel

A

difficulty in falling asleep or staying awake.

91
Q

factors affecting sleep

A

age
illness
environment
fatigue
lifestyle
emotional stress
smoking
diet
medication

92
Q

If patient has weight loss, sleeping time will be

A

decreased

93
Q

Hypnotics disrupt _____; lowers ____

A

N3 and NREM
REM

94
Q

 causes insomnia and nightmares

A

Beta blockers (anti-hypertensive medications)

95
Q

can suppress REM stage

A

Narcotics

96
Q

characterized by theta waves in EEG; slow eye movement, and diminution of muscle tone

A

n1

97
Q

theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes in EEG; absent eye movements and low muscle tone

A

n2

98
Q

more than 20% of epoch has delta waves

A

n3

99
Q

is characterized by low-voltage, mixed-frequency activity in EEG, rapid eye movement, and muscle atonia

A

rem sleep

100
Q

normal sleep cycle

A

awake
n1
n2
n3
n4
n3
n2
rem
n2

101
Q

These stages follow a characteristic pattern in normal persons where NREM and REM sleep keep alternating at an interval of

A

90–120 min.

102
Q

Sleep starts with NREM sleep, and after approximately _____, the first episode of REM sleep appears.

A

90 min

103
Q

This cycle continues throughout the night and during a 7–8 h sleep, an average healthy person has _____ cycles of NREM and REM.

A

4–5

104
Q

the first half of the night is characterized by a high proportion of

A

N3 sleep.

105
Q

REM sleep is regulated by the process “C” and it is predominantly seen during the

A

second half of the night

106
Q

Stage of wakefulness, recorded when patient is awake and alert with eyes open

A

beta

107
Q

Relatively low voltage or amplitude and a frequency greater than 13 Hz.

A

beta

108
Q

Known as “busy waves” of the brain

A

beta

109
Q

Relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz

A

alpha

110
Q

Known as the “relaxed waves” of the brain

A

alpha

111
Q

Recorded when individual is awake, but drowsy state, eyes are closed

A

alpha

112
Q

Commonly seen during stage 1 sleep and REM stage

A

alpha

113
Q

Bursts of alpha waves are seen during briefe awakenings from

A

sleep-called arousals

114
Q

Relatively low frequency of 4-7 Hz and low amplitude of 10 micro-volts

A

theta

115
Q

Known as “drowsy waves” of the brain

A

theta

116
Q

Individual is awake, but relaxed and sleepy

A

theta

117
Q

Seen during stage 1, REM and stage 2

A

theta

118
Q

Slowest of the four types of brain waves

A

delta

119
Q

Frequency of less than 4 Hz and high amplitude (>75 uV) broad waves

A

delta

120
Q

Known as the “deep sleep waves”

A

delta

121
Q

Associated with a dreamless state, patient is not easily aroused

A

delta

122
Q

Seen primarily during N3

A

delta

123
Q

Intermittent high-amplitude, biphasic waves of at least 0.5 second duration that signal the start of stage 2 sleep

A

k complex

124
Q

Consists of a sharp negative wave (upward deflection) followd by a slower positive wave (downward deflection), that is 0.5 seconds

A

k complex

125
Q

Seen during stage 2 and sometimes in stage 3

A

k complex

126
Q

are often superimposed on K complexes

A

Sleep spindles

127
Q

Sudden bursts of EEG activity in the 12-14 Hz frequency (6 or more distinct waves) and duration of 0.5 to 1.5 seconds

A

sleep spindles

128
Q

Mark the onset of stage 2, may be seen in stage 3 and 4 but it does not occur in REM

A

sleep spindles

129
Q

Notched-jagged waves, frequency in the theta range (3-7 Hz)

A

sawtooth

130
Q

Commonly seen during REM sleep, not part of criteria of REM sleep, but can be used to identify REM

A

sawtooth

131
Q

Sharp negative (upward deflection) EEG waves, often in conjunction with high amplitude and short (2-7 Hz) activity

A

vertex

132
Q

Amplitude of many vertex sharp waves are greater than 20 uV and may be as high as 200 uV

A

vertex

133
Q

Usually seen at end of stage 1

A

vertex

134
Q

alpha, theta, vertex

A

n1

135
Q

k complex, spindles, theta

A

n2

136
Q

delta

A

n3

137
Q

theta, sawtooth

A

REM

138
Q

Absence of muscle tone during REM sleep (paralysis)

A

atonia during rem

139
Q

is characterized by low voltage mixed frequency activity and sawtooth waves in EEG.

A

rem

140
Q

REM sleep is modulated by_______situated in the brainstem.

A

laterodorsal tegmental/ pedunculopontine tegmental (LDT/PPT) cholinergic nuclei

141
Q

_______ depolarize thalamic neurons leading to cortical activation that is important for _____

A

laterodorsal tegmental/ pedunculopontine tegmental (LDT/PPT) cholinergic nuclei
generation of dreams.

142
Q

s in ventomedial medulla that secrete GABA and glycine on the anterior horn cells in spinal cord leading to profound atonia.

A

GABAergic cell

143
Q

develops during REM sleep, leading to multiple ramifications that are clinically important.

A

Profound muscle atonia

144
Q

by producing atonia in upper airway muscles, in particular,______ it narrows the caliber of the upper airway and increases risks for ______

A

genioglossus, hypopnea

145
Q

largest muscle mass that makes up the tongue

A

genioglossus

146
Q

sudden muscle weakness when a person is awake),

A

cataplexy

147
Q

a sign of nacolepsy

A

cataplexy

148
Q

absence of atonia during REM sleep leads to the

A

REM sleep behavior disorder.

149
Q

is produced by the _________ in the spinal cord and the _____- on cells of the sub-dorsolateral tegmental nucleus.

A

atonia
glycine-mediated (glycineric) inhibition of the anterior horn cells
hypoglossal nerve by the REM

Polysomnography (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions