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FPP Morbid > The Normal Cell: Ultrastructure > Flashcards

The Normal Cell: Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

Who identified the cell and in what year

A

Robert Hooke
1665

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2
Q

Cell theory (1885) states that

A

All living things are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
Cells come from replication of pre-existing cells.

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3
Q

Who identified cell and in what year

A

Robert Hooke
1665

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4
Q

2 Examples of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria
Blue green algae

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5
Q

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Characteristics
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus
No
Yes

Membrane bound organellles
No
Yes

Ribosomes size
70S
80S

Cell wall/Composition
Peptidoglycan is present
No peptidoglycan

Mitotic division
No
Yes

DNA with Histones
No
Yes

No of chromosomes
One
More than one

Cell membrane composition
No sterols (Except in mycoplasmas)
Sterols present

Number of cells
Unicellular
Multicellular

Size of cells
Smaller (1-5 μm)
Larger (10-100 μm)

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6
Q

The plasma membrane is a mosaic of 4 things

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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7
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is amphipathic in that

A

Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails

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8
Q

The polar heads are mainly derived from ________ conjugated to a ______________ ____________such as _______, ____________ or ______ via a phosphate bridge

A

Glycerol

Nitrogenous compound

Choline, ethanolamine, serine

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9
Q

The non-polar tail consists of two long-chain _____ ______, each __________ linked to the glycerol component of the polar head.

A

Fatty acids
Covalently

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10
Q

Cholesterol and phospholipids are in the ratio

And they are both

A

1:1

Amphipathic

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11
Q

The proteins in the plasma membrane have 6 functions

A

Intercellular joinings
Enzymatic activity
Transport
Cell to cell recognition
Attachment
Signal transduction

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12
Q

Glycocalyx is the umbrella name for

A

Glycoproteins & glycolipids

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13
Q

The glycocalyx may be involved in 4 things

A

•cell recognition phenomena,
•formation of intercellular adhesions •adsorption of molecules to the cell surface; •mechanical and chemical protection for the
plasma membrane

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14
Q

Plasma membrane functions

A

•Protection
•Communication
•Selectively allow substances in •Respond to environment •Recognition

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15
Q

____________ is the most obvious feature of the cell seen under the light microscope

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

The structure of the nucleus encompasses 4 things

A

Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm (karyoplasm)
Chromosomes
Nucleolus

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17
Q

Double layered organelles in the cell

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
(Chloroplast)

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18
Q

Chromosomes in the nucleus are present in form of

A

DNA and histones called chromatins

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19
Q

The chromatin is further classified into heterochromatin and euchromatin. What are the differences between them

A

Heterochromatin:Silenced Genes
- More condensed
- Silenced genes (methylated)
- Gene poor (high AT content)
- Stains darker

• Euchromatin: Gene expressing
- Less condensed
- Gene expressing
- Gene rich (higher GC content)
- Stains lighter

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20
Q

Give one example of enucleate cell

Multinucleate cell

A

RBCs

Osteoclasts

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21
Q

The principal organelles 2 involved in protein synthesis are:

A

Nucleus
Ribosome

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22
Q

I’m the nucleus, transcription happens. What’s that?

A

DNA template is copied to form a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA)

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23
Q

Translation which occurs in the cytoplasm is the process by which?

A

mRNA is converted into protein by the ribosomes

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24
Q

Functions of mitochondria

A

•Mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (e.g., oxygen free radicals, hydrogen peroxide)

•Mitochondria provide the enzymatic machinery for oxidative phosphorylation (efficient generation of energy from glucose and fatty acid substrates).

•Plays a fundamental in regulating both apoptosis and necrosis

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25
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is __________ inherited

A

Maternally

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26
Q

The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains?

A

the enzymes of the respiratory chain folded into cristae.

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27
Q

The intermembrane space is the site of

A

ATP synthesis

28
Q

The core (matrix space) of the mitochondria harbors

A

certain metabolic enzymes, such as the enzymes of the citric acid cycle

29
Q

The ER is the site of synthesis of?

A

All the transmembrane proteins
Lipids for plasma membrane
Cellular organelles including itself

30
Q

The rough ER is involved in

A

Synthesis & Secretion of protein

31
Q

The principal functions of the Smooth ER is

A

Lipid biosynthesis
Membrane synthesis & repair

32
Q

The SER is abundant in the adrenals and gonads because

A

It produces hormones: steroids
Steroidogenesis

33
Q

sER in muscle cell is called

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

is responsible for the release and sequestration of calcium ion responsible for muscle contraction and relaxation respectively

35
Q

Gkycosylation of proteins starts in the _______ and is completed in the _____________

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

36
Q

Lysosomes contain more than _____ digestive enzymes collectively known as ____ __________ (proteases, nucleases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases) involved in the degradation of particulate material ingested by ___________

A

40
Acid hydrolases
Endocytosis

37
Q

Peroxisomes are also known as

A

Micro bodies

38
Q

Peroxisomes contain

A

Oxidases and catalases

39
Q

Oxidase enzyme leads to the production of _____ useful for __________ ___________ ___________________

A

H2O2

Killing ingested micro organisms

40
Q

Catalase enzyme has 2 functions

A

regulates H2O2 concentration

oxidizes toxic substances such as phenol and alcohol

41
Q

3 major classes of cytoskeleton

A

A. Actin
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules

42
Q

___________. are the most abundant cytosolic protein in cells

A

Actin microfilaments

43
Q

Intermediate filaments are used for

A

Tumor marking

44
Q

Types of intermediate filament

A

•Lamin A, B, and C: nuclear lamina of all cells

•Vimentin: mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts,
endothelium)

•Desmin: muscle cells, forming the scaffold on which actin and myosin contract

•Neurofilaments: axons of neurons, imparting strength and rigidity

•Glial fibrillary acidic protein: glial cells around neurons

•Cytokeratins: at least 30 distinct varieties, subdivided into acidic (type I) and neutral/basic (type II); different types present in different cells, hence can be used as cell markers

45
Q

Microtubules are ______ thick fibrils composed of dimers of ______ & _______

A

25-nm

α- and β-tubulin

46
Q

Microfibers have been adapted to form motile cilia (bronchial epithelium) or flagella (sperm)

A

True

47
Q

Within cells, microtubules can serve as _________ ________for “molecular motor” proteins that use ATP to move vesicles, organelles, or other molecules around cells along microtubules

A

Connecting cables

48
Q

Types of plasma membrane protein

A

Intrinsic : incorporated within the membrane

Extrinsic/ peripheral: attached to inner it outer surface by weak electrostatic forces

Transmembrane: intrinsic proteins which span the entire thickness of the membrane exposed to each surface

49
Q

The Cytoplasm: protein synthesis function

A

• This mRNA is transported out of the nucleus and is converted into protein by the ribosomes (translation)
•Ribosomes are minute cytoplasmic organelles, each composed of two subunits of unequal size.
•Each subunit consists of a strand of RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA) with associated ribosomal proteins forming a globular structure.

Ribosomes align mRNA strands so that transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules may be brought into position and their amino acids added sequentially to the growing polypeptide chain (Translation). Translation takes place in the cytoplasm.

50
Q

Mitochondria structure and function

A

•Mitochondria are also an important source of reactive oxygen species (e.g., oxygen free radicals, hydrogen peroxide)
•Mitochondria provide the enzymatic machinery for oxidative phosphorylation (efficient generation of energy from glucose and fatty acid substrates).
•Plays a fundamental in regulating both apoptosis and necrosis

51
Q

The ER consists of

A

The ER consists of an interconnecting network of membranous tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs

52
Q

Vesicles structure & function

A

Vesicles containing newly synthesized protein separate from the ends of the rER.
•The vesicles are used to ship them to other parts of the cell or to the outside of the cell.
•These proteins can also be shipped to the Golgi apparatus for modification, sorting and packaging

53
Q

The sER in most cells is relatively sparse and primarily exists as

A

the transition zone from RER to transport vesicles moving to the Golgi.

54
Q

The sER is also responsible for

A

The sER is also responsible for sequestering intracellular calcium; subsequent release from the sER into the cytosol can mediate a number of responses to extracellular signals (including apoptotic cell death)

55
Q

Golgi apparatus: structure & function

A

The Golgi apparatus consists of stacked, saucer-shaped membrane-bound cisternae.
•Proteins synthesised in the rough ER are transported to the Golgi apparatus in coated vesicles.

•In the Golgi apparatus, the glycosylation of proteins, begun in the rER, is completed.
•The proteins are packaged into membrane-bound vesicles which detach at the trans Golgi network and are transported to their final destinations (export).

56
Q

_________ are membrane bound organelle similar in size and ultra structure to lysosomes

A

Peroxisomes

57
Q

What is cytoskeleton

A

The ability of cells to adopt a particular shape, maintain polarity, organize the relationship of intracellular organelles, and move about depends on the intracellular scaffolding of proteins called the cytoskeleton

58
Q

Intermediate filaments are

A

• 10-nm diameter fibrils that comprise a large and heterogeneous family.
• Individual types have characteristic tissue-specific patterns of expression that can be useful for assigning a cell of origin for poorly differentiated tumors

59
Q

Pathologies

A
60
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Plasma membrane is affected in necrosis and apoptosis (cell death)
• Necrosis: Plasma membrane is destroyed
• Apoptosis: Plasma membrane is intact

61
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Hereditary stomatocytosis in RBCs: Marked increase of
intracellular sodium because the cell is unable to
regulate cation homeostasis.
• Cystic fibrosis: Mutation in CFTR gene leading to
production of abnormally folded membrane protein
which is degraded by the cell.
• WIlson’s disease: Mutation in Wilson disease protein
(ATP7B) gene. Leads to Cu accumulation.

62
Q

Ribosomopathies

A

Diamond Blackfan Anaemia: Macrocytic anaemia, short stature. Defects in RPS 19, 24 etc
• 5q syndrome. RPS 14 defect. Macrocytic anaemia may progress to AML.

63
Q

Mitochondria

A

Leigh syndrome:
• mtDNA m.8993T > G mutation. Clinical features of
regression in motor skills etc.

64
Q

Golgi body

A

• Structural and functional changes of the Golgi apparatus are associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease etc.

65
Q

Lysosome

A

Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Inborn errors of metabolism leading to accumulation of substrates in the cells due to defective lysosomal function. E.g. Gaucher’s disease, Niemann Pick disease.

FPP Morbid (10 decks)

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