The Nile Valley - 1882 - 98

Question 1

What is a khedive ?

Answer 1

A ruling leader in Egypt and Sudan

Question 2

What was the British Fear in the looming collapse of the Ottoman empire?

Answer 2

That other empires such as Russia, France + Austo-Hungary would take the land and gain more power

Question 3

Two reasons why Britian and France chose a military response to Egypt ?

Answer 3

1) Couldn’t allow Egypt nationalists to take control as it was too strategically and economically important
2) ‘Morally neccessary’ to prevent loss of life following Anti-Christian riots

Question 4

What % of British shipping did the Suez Canal opening allow to pass through ?

Answer 4

Very important;

80% of shipping carried was British

Question 5

What % of shares did Disreali purchase of the Canal and when ?

Answer 5

45% in 1875

• Disreali didn’t want France becomming too powerful

Question 6

By ? did Britian purchase 80% of Egyptian exports ?

Answer 6

by 1880

Question 7

By 1880, what % of Egypt’s imports did Britian supply?

Answer 7

44%

Question 8

The Khedive goes banjrupt in 1875 - What % of Gladstone’s wealth was in failing Egyptian bonds/debt?

Answer 8

37%

Question 9

When does the British invasion begin?

Answer 9

11th July 1882

Question 10

When do British forces capture Cairo?

Answer 10

15th September 1882

Question 11

Why did France withdraw from military action in Egypt ?

Answer 11

Blackmail by Germany
- A change in president in France
- Refusal to back British power

Question 12

What was the ‘veiled Protectorate’ ?

Answer 12

name given to the years betweeen 1882 - 1914, when London effectively controlled Egypt with no real legal basis

Work was done to remove Britian but it never progressed

Question 13

How many times did the British gov state its intention to leave Egypt ?

Answer 13

66

Question 14

3 reasons why the British stayed so long

Answer 14

1) Emergence of a radical jihadist movement in the Sudan, led by the mahdi in Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad
2) The Collapse of the Liberal Party and dominance of the Tory Party under Lord Salisbury at the end of the 19c
3) The role and ambitions of Sir Evelyn Baring, the British Consul General in Egypt from 1883-1907 (24 years!) - later Lord Grome

Question 15

Example of the emerging islamic threat in Sudan ?

Answer 15

Mahdist have successful victories against the Egyptian - Most significant win was the the wiping out of all but 300 out of 7000 troops under command of Sir William Hicks in 1883

Question 16

What splits the Liberal party and leads to Conservative dominance from 1893-1906 ?

Answer 16

Gladstone’s controversial support of Home Rule in ireland

Question 16

Who was the Conservative leder that concluded France were the greatest threat to the Empire?

Answer 16

Lord Salisbury

Question 17

What was Lord Baring’s other name and what was he a perfect repsentation of ?

Answer 17

Gromer

a “Victorian Imperialist”

Question 18

What were “fellahin”

Answer 18

peasant farmers

Question 19

What % of govt revenue was focused on agriculture under Baring ?

Answer 19

8%

Question 20

List two achievemnets of Baring’s reforms?

Answer 20

Baring restored the government of Egypt to Solvency by 1887

Reaming 1m on Irrigation and clearing drainage canals of the Nile

Question 21

What inevtiably holds off agricultural development ?

Answer 21

Baring putting off sorting out inequality tax paid on peasant land compared to landowner land which was cheaper

Question 22

What was a Kharaj ?

Answer 22

land held by peasants - tax was higher

Question 23

What two factors can be said to be the cause in the weakness of Baring’s reforms?

Answer 23

Budgetary constraints
Inevitable results of the Baring mind-set

Question 24

Why did Gladstone chose General Gordon for the mission even though he had doubts ?

Answer 24

• he had previosuly worked with Egyptain garrisons
• Spoke Arabic

Question 25

Wha does Gordon do in reaction to Baring refusng him more troops ?

Answer 25

leak information to the media in London

Question 25

Wha does Gordon do in reaction to Baring refusng him more troops ?

Answer 25

leak information to the media in London

Question 26

What fatal mistake means Britian lose Sudan?

Answer 26

Baring’s troops come two days late - Gordon dies as a Matrye

• Brtian now have to “avenge” him

Question 27

What three threats mean Britian have ‘justiiable’ right to invade Sudan ?

Answer 27

Perceived French Threat: stop potential intrigues to destabilize Egypt and India

Islamic Threat: Defeat of Italians at Battle of Adwa in 1896 - Fear of potential threat against British interests

Partition of Africa gaining pace + need to turn ‘influence’ into possessions

Question 28

Why were French Interests in Africa such a threat ?

Answer 28

They want to link their colonies as well, however it will cross the British trying to link their colonies

Question 29

What was the Fashoda incident? and when?

Answer 29

Kitchner’s army confronts Marchand’s small French force, which eventually backs down. Having taken direction from the French government in Paris

1898

Question 30

How successful was Kitchner?

Answer 30

• Extremely - won back all of Sudan
• Hugely popular, WW1 Secretary of War
• Wants to cut of Mahdis head
• Uses Concentration Camps in Boaer War - outrages anti-imperialists

Question 31

What was so effective at the battle of Omdurman in Sept 1898 ?

Answer 31

The Maxim gun

Question 32

What were the numbers of the Battle of Omdurman ?

Answer 32

Mahdist forces;
10k dead, 5k wounded, 13k prisoner

British;
47 dead, 382 wounded

Question 33

In what book did Churchill express his unhappiness with Kitchner’s atrocisites at Omdurman ?

Answer 33

“The River Way” - 1899

Question 34

what % of total Br expoerts went to egypt?

Answer 34

5%

Question 35

What is a good example of vested interests in Egypt?

Answer 35

Gladstones 37% of personal fortune in Egyptian loans

Question 36

Why is altrusim NOT a feasable reason for Br interferring in Egypt

Answer 36

The anti-Christina riots were 11th June 1882

Br ships set sail for Egypt on the 20th may 1882

Question 37

Significant impact of Baring’s success?

Answer 37

Achieved solvency by 1887

Question 38

What two Baring policies angered Egyptians

Answer 38

Refused to Fund Secondary Education
Raised ution funds in Primary schools as he didn’t beleive that Egyptians should learn

Question 39

What were key Br fears of nationalism?

Answer 39

That the Mahdists would capitalise on this Resentment and mergewith Egyptian unhappined

Question 40

What battle showed power of Mahdist forces?

Answer 40

Defeat of Itlaians at Adwa, 1896