The Changing Nature and extent of trade Flashcards

1
Q

What was a recurring theme behind British Economic Policy

A

large cost of maintaining land and sea froces across the globe

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2
Q

What replaced potectionist and mercantilist views toward trade?

A

Free trade

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3
Q

How much does the ship ‘lottery’ make in the triangular trade in 1789

A

12,090

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4
Q

How many ships set sail from liverpool in the 1790s every year for slaves?

A

120-130

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5
Q

how did william beckford benefit financially from the Slave Trade?

A

owned thousands of acres in Jamaica

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6
Q

what act ended Br role in Slave trade?

A

‘Slave Trade Act’ (1807)

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7
Q

There were many factors but what was a main influence of Br resignation from the Slave Trade?

A

Profit losses

Slave rebellions, losses to foreign privateers and diseases from tropical regions made ST less valuable

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8
Q

what % of ships lost its owner profit in the 18th century?

A

10%

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9
Q

What theory dominated economic thinking between 16th-18th century?

A

Mercantilism

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10
Q

Why was adopting free trade a particulalry slow process?

A

Because many wealthy landowners were MPs who proftted largely from mercantilism

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11
Q

When does Govt remove trade restiction and allow Free Trade in Ireland?

A

1779

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12
Q

What act in 1832 passed by the Whigs proves to be so important and why?

A

The ‘Representation of the People Act’

suffrage increaes to 60% more of pop

Manufacturers and consumers could now vote and preffered Free Trade

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13
Q

When were Mercantialism and Protectionism dismanlted?

And by whom

A

1841, by Sir Robert Peel as PM

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14
Q

How many tariffs were abolished between 1842-46 ?

A

1200

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15
Q

What was the most important expression of Mercantilistm

A

the Navigation Acts - passed between 1651-1673

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16
Q

What can the navigation acts be interpreted as ?

A

Preventing the development of more sophisticated colonial economics

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17
Q

Why was the ‘Imposition Act’ (1846) so problmatic ?

A
  • it removed the Corn Laws and the sugar duties
  • this meant that wealthy landowners were disadvantaged
  • This caused party to split and Peel forced to resign
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18
Q

Sir Lord Russell favour of free-trade culminated in what?

A

The Repeal of the Navigation Acts in 1849

19
Q

The Navigation Acts had an aim to increase the number of Br ships. What did this mean for the removal of the Act?

A

By dismantling the Acts, Russell and co effectively prioirtised free trade over national defence

20
Q

What led the growth of the British Empire in the 1800s?

A

Traders, motivated by profit, not conquest

21
Q

How many tonnes of opium were imported to China in 1839?

A

2,500
Many merchants were profitting heavily

22
Q

By the 1840s, Br Govt was prepared to use warships and gather naval bases to protect its merhcants.
What is this known as?

A

‘Gunboat Diplomacy’

23
Q

What did the Treaty of Nainking (1842) include?

A

Pay 12m in reparations and debts
Cede Hong Kong to British - not returned until 1997
Open ports to foreign traders - low import tariffs of 5%
Grant British citizens legal protections in China

24
Q

What forced Shanghai to trade with middle men?

A

The Taiping Rebellion in 1850

25
What was the Shanghai Municipal Council?
American, French and Br mebers - Chinese cant sit - grew to govern the colonial city
26
What did Opium Imports increase to in 1880?
6,500 tonnes
27
Why was the Suez so important to Br?
By 1874, 75% of goods passing through were Br Disralei had brought 44% of shares from the Khedive in 1875
28
How many slaves did Zanzibar trade annually by the 1830s?
50k
29
How did Br get drawn into Zanzibar?
to protect the slave trade - using RN when neccersary
30
Between 1850 - 1879 no of European and US ships docking at Zanzibar went from 65 ships + 18,877 tons to?
96 ships and 95,403 tons
31
Br viewed East Africa as little interest due to no large river system and requiring a lot of capital. What povoked Br interest?
German Advancement through the East African German Trading Company
32
William Mackinnon's 'Britiahs East Africa Association' never made any money - what was their record?
expenditure 85k, income was 35k
33
What was the significance in Britians East African Association?
provided a foothold for Br interests in East Africa as colonies in Africa’s interior was becoming idealised in order to safeguard the Nile
34
What did the 1890 treaty between Br and Ger disclose ?
setting up a British protectorate in Zanzibar and ending promised sultan independence; Zanzibaris not involved in discussion
35
In 1896, pro-Britain Sultaan died Whas was the Br reaction?
Britain had preferred another candidate + bombarded city in ‘shortest war in history’, lasting 38 minutes
36
What did Zanzibar inadvertantly lead to?
‘Scramble for Africa’ had begun; Br govt establish series of East African protectorates and funded a railway from Mombasa to Uganda in 1896
37
Significance of Zanzibar?
Br now had an important entrepot in Zanzibar First showing of ‘defensive imperialism’ in East Africa ‘Scramble for Africa’ was an important development in Br Empire
38
Signficance of WHW?
WHW had NO commercial value so demonstrates Br defensive imperialism Shown by Lease - “for so long as Port Arthur shall remain in Russian hands”, Br retain control of WHW Control of WHW lasted until 1930
39
Why did Russia want Port Arthur?
to gain a warm water port - lack of caused a loss in the Opium indutry for the Russians
40
What was the control over Central Asia reffered to
'The Great Game'
41
Timeline of Promotion of Free Trade
1779 - Govt remove restrictions in Ireland 1830 - Whigs into power 1832 - 'Rep of ppl Act' - gives 60% more manufactuers and consumers right to vote 1841 - Cons back in, Peel removes 1,200 tariffs 1846 - 'Imposition Act' removes final two protectionist policies 1849 - Lord Russell removes P+M - 'Repeal of Navigation Acts'
42
Facts for rapid growth of Singapore
1819, 400k worth of Sp dollars pass through in 1824, 11m pass through An increase of 2,700%
43
Impact of Singapre
Entreport Shows how successful free trade policies can trump dutch protectionism