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532- Neuroscience - Exam 2 > The Neuroendocrine System > Flashcards

The Neuroendocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the pituitary gland (location, housing, connection to hypothalamus and two parts)

A

-Pea sized structure located below the hypothalamus and optic chiasm
-housed in the Sella Turcica
-connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
two parts:
-Anterior - glandular tissue (adenohypophysis)
-Posterior - neural tissue (neurohypophysis)

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2
Q

What are the six hormones synthesized by the anterior pituitary?

A

growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL)

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3
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary and causes the liver, kidneys and other organs to produce growth factors that promote increased bone growth

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4
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) (hypothalamus pituitary thyroid axis)

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5
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary and stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroid hormones, especially cortisol (hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis)

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6
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary and along with LH, regulates menstrual cycle and oogenesis in women and regulates testicular hormones and spermatogenesis in men (hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis)

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7
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary (and along with FSH) regulates the menstrual cycle and oogenesis in women and regulates testicular hormones and spermatogenesis in men

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8
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Synthesized in the anterior pituitary and promotes milk production

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9
Q

What hormones are synthesized by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)?

A

There are NO HORMONES synthesized here. The posterior pituitary only stores hormones and releases them into the blood – it does not synthesize them.

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10
Q

What is the portal system formed by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

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11
Q

The hypothalamus and posterior pituitary form what type of system?

A

Form a neurosecretory system, that is to say:
• Cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
• Axons terminate on capillaries in the posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Which hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (AKA antidiuretic hormone-ADH) and Oxytocin

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13
Q

Vasopressin (AKA: antidiuretic hormone-ADH)

A

(synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary) enhances water retention by the kidneys

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14
Q

Oxytocin

A

(synthesized by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary) stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during birth; promotes ejection of milk

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15
Q

What nuclei are found in the preoptic region of the hypothalamus?

A

Medial and lateral preoptic nuclei

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16
Q

What nuclei are found in the anterior (supraoptic) region of the hypothalamus?

A 
Periventricular nucleus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
Anterior nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus
17
Q

What nuclei are found in the middle (tuberal) region of the hypothalamus?

A 
Periventricular nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
18
Q

What nuclei are found in the posterior (mamillary) region of the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior nucleus
Mammillary body
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

19
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei play a role in the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)?

A

Paraventricular nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Lateral hypothalamic

20
Q

Which structures in the hypothalamus play a role in the limbic system (connections with the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and thalamic nuclei)?

A

Mamillary bodies

21
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a major role in what additional function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of Circadian rhythm/sleep

22
Q

The lateral and ventromedial nuclei play a major role in what additional function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulating appetite and thirst

23
Q

The anterior and posterior nuclei play a major role in what additional function of the hypothalamus?

A

Thermoregulation

24
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Produced by: Paraventricular nucleus

Effect: Stimulate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from the anterior pituitary (primarily)

25
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Produced by: Paraventricular nuclus

Effect: Stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from the anterior pituitary

26
Q

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A

Produced by: Arcuate nucleus

Effect: Inhibit prolactin release from anterior pituitary

27
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

Produced by: Arcuate nucleus

Effect: Stimulate Growth hormone (GH) release from the anterior pituitary

28
Q

Lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)

A

Produced by: Preoptic area

Effect: Stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) release from the anterior pituitary

29
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

A

Produced by: Periventricular nucleus

Effect: Inhibit Growth hormone (GH) release from anterior pituitary

30
Q

Oxytocin (OXY or OXT)

A

Produced by: Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus

Effect: Uterine contraction and lactation (letdown reflex)

31
Q

Vasopressin (AKA: antidiuretic hormone-ADH)

A

Produced by: Paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus
Effect: Increase in the permeability of water of the cells of distal tubule and collecting duct in the kidney thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of concentrated urine.

32
Q

Which hormones are produced by the Paraventricular nucleus?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Oxytocin (OXY or OXT) and Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH or AVP)

33
Q

Which hormones are produced by the Arcuate nucleus?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

34
Q

Which hormones are produced by the Preoptic area of the hypothalamus?

A

Lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)

35
Q

Which hormones are produced by the Periventricular nucleus?

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

36
Q

Which hormones are produced by the Supraoptic nucleus?

A

Oxytocin (OXY or OXT) and Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH or AVP)

532- Neuroscience - Exam 2 (6 decks)

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