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ANATOMY > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two parts of the nervous system?

A

PNS and CNS

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2
Q

what is the function of the Nervous System?

A

Cell processes= dendrites & axons
produces action potential
has a cell body

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3
Q

what are the two parts to the PNS system?

A

Motor (efferent) Division

Sensory (afferent) Division

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4
Q

What are the two parts to Motor Division?

A

Somatic nervous system (Voluntary)

Autonomic nervous system (Involuntary)

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5
Q

What are the two parts to the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the parasympathetic and sympathetic system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body’s fight-or-flight response.
Parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body’s rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding.

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7
Q

Which systems does the cell bodies of ganglion and nucleus belong to?

A

Ganglion (PNS)

Nucleus (CNS)

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8
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

supportive cells of the nervous system

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9
Q

what are the four types of cells for CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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10
Q 
Define: 
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia 
Ependymal cells
A

Astrocytes: create blood-brain carrier

Oligodendrocytes: Form and maintain the myelin sheath around CNS axons.

Microglia: function as macrophages

Ependymal cells: Line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.

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11
Q

what are the two types of cell for the PNS

A

Schwann cells: Form the myelin sheath around the PNS axons.

Satellite cells: Surround the cell bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia

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12
Q

The axons of some neurons in the CNS are protected by glial cells that form a myelin sheath around the axons. These glial cells are called ?

A

oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What is the name of the glial cells that act as phagocytes to aid in protecting CNS neurons?

A

microglia

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14
Q

There are two types of glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system. Which of the following is found in the peripheral nervous system?

A

neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)

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15
Q

The myelin sheath (formed by neurolemmocytes) wrap around the __________ of a neuron to provide protection and insulation.

A

axon

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16
Q

Neurolemmocytes form a myelin sheath around axons in the peripheral nervous system, and oligodendrocytes form a myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system.

True or False?

A

True

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17
Q

define saltatory conduction

A

An impulse moves from one neurofibril node to the next neurofibril node along the length of an axon.

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18
Q

The neurofibril nodes are areas of the axon that __________

A

are not covered by the neurolemmocytes

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19
Q

If a neurolemmocyte makes 10 wraps around an axon, the nucleus of the neurolemmocyte can be found in wrap number __________.

A

10

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20
Q

Describe the layers of tissue surrounding peripheral nerves. (Outermost to innermost)

A

Epineurium: outermost covering of a peripheral nerve

Perineurium: middle layer of covering that envelops fascicles/groups of axons and maintain the blood nerve barrier

Endoneurium: Innermost covering that surrounds each individual axon

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21
Q

What is motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

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22
Q

Which part of the neuron is involved in sending an impulse to the synapse area or to an effector?

A

axon

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23
Q

Impulses that are going toward the CNS are called __________ and impulses going away from the CNS are called __________.

A

afferent; efferent

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24
Q

A neuron has a polarized membrane, which means it is relatively positive on the outside of the membrane to relatively negative on the inside. What creates this opposite charge characteristic of a neuron’s membrane?

A

sodium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside

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25
Q

When a neuron is depolarized, the gated channels of the membrane open to allow __________ to enter the neuron. A neuron becomes hyperpolarized when the gated channels of the membrane open thus allowing __________ to exit the neuron

A

Na +; K +

26
Q

A resting membrane is measured at __________ while a depolarized membrane will measure at __________.

A

–70 mV; +30 mV

27
Q

When the sodium channels open to let sodium ions into the neuron, other gated channels open to allow __________ to exit the neuron.

A

potassium ions

28
Q

In order to maintain an ionic charge balance across a neuron’s membrane after depolarization, what ion is moved to the outside of the membrane to maintain the ionic charge?

A

potassium

29
Q

Depolarization is the term used to describe the movement of __________ ions to the inside of a neuron while repolarization is the term used to describe the movement of __________ ions to the outside of a neuron

A

sodium potassium

30
Q

__________ is the term used to describe the movement of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron, and __________ is the term used to describe excess potassium ions moving to the outside of a neuron.

A

Repolarization; hyperpolarization

31
Q

During repolarization, the sodium channels are closed. How does this affect a neuron?

A

The neuron cannot respond to new stimuli.

32
Q

When a neuron is hyperpolarized, it __________.

A

cannot respond to new stimuli

33
Q

Once a gated channel is open, positive ions will enter through the channels to get inside the neuron. Which of the following can cause the gated channels to open?

A

stimulus

34
Q

Since depolarization results in positive ions entering into the neuron, there will be a voltage change. Which of the following correctly depicts the voltage value going from a resting neuron to a depolarized neuron?

A

–70 mV to 0 mV

35
Q

When discussing a neuron’s activity, we discuss graded potentials and action potentials. A graded potential arises in all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A

axons

36
Q

Hyperpolarization of a neuron occurs when the inside becomes more negatively charged than when it was at a resting potential value. Which does NOT cause hyperpolarization?

A

massive entrance of sodium ions into the axon

37
Q

Once the gated channels are open and positive ions begin to enter the neuron, we have the start of a(n) __________.

A

impulse

38
Q

Which ions cause the presynaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic area?

A

calcium

39
Q

When calcium ions enter and cause the release of a neurotransmitter, the neurotransmitter will bind to the receptors on the __________.

A

postsynaptic membrane

40
Q

In order for an impulse to be transmitted from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to its destination, a neurotransmitter must be released from __________.

A

the terminal end of the axon

41
Q

When an action potential reaches the end of the axon, calcium ion channels will open and allow calcium ions to enter the axon. What is the function of those calcium ions?

A

Calcium ions cause the synaptic vesicle to move and fuse with the presynaptic membrane. The vesicle then releases its neurotransmitter into the synaptic area

42
Q

The bundles of axons such as nerve and tract belongs to which system?

A

Nerve (PNS)

Tract (CNS)

43
Q

What is gray matter ?

A

contains cell bodies of neurons with few or no myelinated axons

44
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A

Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

45
Q

what does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?

A

binding of a neurotransmitter (Chemical Stimulus)

46
Q

What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?

A

physical stimulus

47
Q

What voltages would most likely be measured during the relative refractory period?

A

-80 mV

48
Q

what will probably propagate an action potential fastest?

A

A thick, myelinated axon

49
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?

A

Threshold (-55mV)

50
Q

What does it mean for an action potential to be an “all or none” event?

A

if a stimulus reaches threshold, the action potential is always the same.

51
Q

what neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetylcholine

52
Q

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

A

Metabotropic receptor

53
Q

which neurotransmitter is associated with inhibition exclusively?

A

GABA

54
Q

Define the two types of electric signals:
Action Potentials
Graded Potentials

A

Action Potentials can travel long distances.

Graded Potentials that are local membrane changes only (has not reached threshold -55 mV)

55
Q

What are leakage (non-gated) channels?

A

These channels are always open

56
Q

What is Hyperpolarization and Depolarization?

A

Hyperpolarization is when the membrane has become more negative.

Depolarization is when the membrane has become more position.

57
Q

what is an absolute refractory period?

A

Inactivated Na+ channels must return to the resting state before they can be reopened.

58
Q

Define:
Electrical Synapses
Chemical Synapses

A

Electrical Synapses are faster, two-way transmission and capable of synchronizing groups of neurons.

Chemical Synapses are slower and transfer from presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron across a gap.

59
Q

What is Excitatory postsynaptic potentials?

What is Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential reaches threshold and ligand-gated Na+ channels.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential is less likely to to reach threshold and opens ligand-gated CI- and K+ channels.

60
Q

List three ways neurotransmitters are removed from the during synapses

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic Degradation
re-Uptake by neurons or glia cells

61
Q

what is Summation and the two main types?

A

Summation is when several presynaptic end bulbs release their neurotransmitters at the same time, the combined effect may generate a nerve impulse.

Spatial summation (neurotransmitters released from several end bulbs onto one neuron)

Temporal summation (neurotransmitters released from 2 or more firings of the same end bulb in rapid succession onto a second neuron).

ANATOMY (4 decks)

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