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Bio Final Part 2 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do cells communicate? (2)

A

1) Endocrine system (hormones)

2) Nervous system

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2
Q

How does neural communications happen?(2)

A

1) Nerve and muscle excitatory tissue

2) Rapid changes in membrane potentials

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3
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches? (2)

A

1) Central Nervous System (CNS)

2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNP)

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4
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) (1)

A

1) Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS) (3)

A

Functions include:

1) Receive
2) Process
3) and transfer information

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6
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNP) (1)

A

The nerves outside the Central Nervous System (CNS)

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7
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What are there two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNP) (1)

A

1) Sensory Division: Carries information to the CNS

2) Motor Division: Carries information away from the CNS

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8
Q

Central Nervous System deals with

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System deals with (2)

A

1) Sensory inputs

2) Motor outputs

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10
Q

Name the components of a Neuron? (5)

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body
3) Axon
4) Axon Terminal
5) Axon Collateral

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11
Q

What are the Functional Classes of Neurons? (2)

A

1) Afferent Neurons
2) Efferent Neurons
3) Interneurons

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12
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons - Afferent Neurons (3)

A

1) Ascending - hand, to head
2) Dendrites are in the Periphery Nervous System
3) Axon Terminal ends in the Central Nervous System

Think : (recepter) -> message -> Dendrites in the PNS -> Message -> Terminal Axon @ CNS

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13
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons - Efferent Neurons (3)

A

1) Descending - head to toes or hand
2) Dendrites in the CNS
3) Terminal Axons in the PNS

Think: (recepter)

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14
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons - Efferent Interneurons (2)

A

1) Transfer of messages between the CNS and PNS

2) 99% of all neurons have interneurons

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15
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy (4)

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body
3) Axon
4) Axon Terminal

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16
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Dendrites (2)

A

1) Small extension of cell body

2) RECEIVES incoming information

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17
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Cell body

A

Nucleus of most organelles

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18
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Axons (2)

A

1) Specialized to conduct impulses

2) Long and slender

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19
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Axon Terminals

A

1) Synapses with another neuron or effect organ

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20
Q

Membrane Potential (2)

A

1) Nerve and muscle cells are excitable cells and produce rapid, transient changes in their membrane potential
2) Resting Membranes: Constant in cells of non-excitable tissues and excitable tissues at rest

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21
Q

Membrane Potential - Nerves and Muscle cells (1)

A

are excitable cells and produce rapid, transient changes in their membrane potential

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22
Q

Membrane Potential - Resting Membranes (1)

A

Constant in cells of non-excitable tissues and excitable tissues at rest

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23
Q

Resting Membrane Potential - How does it work? What’s in the inside of the membrane as oppose to the outside during rest? (2)

A

1) Seperation of opposite charges across plasma gradient

2) More NA+ outside and more K+ inside

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24
Q

Resting Membrane Potential - What is the charge relative from the inside to the outside ? (2)

A

1) Inside has negative anions
2) More positive in the outside
- Charge difference

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25
Q

What four things Maintenance the Membrane

Potential (4)

A

1) Impermeable membrane
2) NA+ K+ ATP pump
3) Increased permeability to K+
4) Anions inside

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26
Q

Neurons at Rest (3)

A

1) Inside cell in -70mV
2) NA+ & K+ gates are closed
3) NA/ K + pump is working

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27
Q

Na+ and K+ gates- What happens if NA+ gates open? (3)

A

1) Predominant NA+ OUTSIDE cell moves along its concentration and electrical gradient
2) Inside the cell become more +

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28
Q

Na+ and K+ gates- What happens if the K+ gates open (3)

A

1) Predominant K+ INSIDE the cell moves out the cell

2) Inside become more -

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29
Q

Is K+ predominantly in the inside or outside? And is NA+ predominantly in the inside or outside ?

A

K+: Predominantly inside

NA+ : Predominantly outside

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30
Q

Types of Changes in Membrane

Potential (2)

A

1) Depolarization
2) Hyper-polarization
- Think: the change in negativity
more or less negativity when it comes to membrane potentials

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31
Q

Types of Changes in Membrane

Potential - Depolarization (2)

A

1) Less negative

2) Excitatory

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32
Q

Types of Changes in Membrane

Potential - Hyperpolarization (2)

A

1) More negative

2) Inhibitory

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33
Q

Types of Changes in Membrane - Graphed - ___ deflection = __ in potential: Depolarization

A

1) Upward

2) Decrease (negative)

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34
Q

Types of Changes in Membrane - Graphed - ___ deflection = __ in potential: Hyper-polarization

A

1) Downward

2) Increase (negative)

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35
Q

Graded Potentials Alter the

Resting Potential: What are the Graded Potentials?

A

1) Small local changes in the resting potential
2) May depolarize or hyper-polarize the membrane
3) Can summate or die

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36
Q

Graded Potentials Alter the

Resting Potential - Grade Potentials -Small local changes in the resting potential start and are triggered by? (2)

A

1) Triggered by chemical and mechanical changes

2) Usually start in the dendrites

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37
Q

Graded Potentials Alter the

Resting Potential - Grade Potentials - May depolarize or hyper-polarize the membrane by ….

A

opening either K+ or NA+ gates

38
Q

What is the minimum required Membrane Potential to achieve an ACTION POTENTIAL:

A

-55mV - nerve impulse

39
Q

Action Potentials - ION changes produce the phases of the action potential: Name the four? (4)

A

1) Resting pontential
2) De-polarization
3) Re-polarization
4) Hyper-polarization

40
Q

Action Potential: Resting potential?

A
  • 70mV

- Graded potential reach must first be -55mV triggers AP

41
Q

Action Potential: What happens, Resting potential, then the threshold of -55mV is passed? (3)

A

1) Depolarization - less negative
2) NA+ rushes in
3) +30 mV

42
Q

Action Potential: What happens, Resting potential, then the threshold of -55mV is passed then Depolarization and then….. (3)

A

1) Repolarization
2) NA+ gates close and K+ open
3) NA+ is stopped from coming in and K+ is released

43
Q

Action Potential: What is Hyper-polarization? (2)

A

Resting potential -> threshold of -55mV-> Depolarization -> Repolarization happens to slow by K+ gates open to slowely and an overshoot happens of -80mV

44
Q

Action Potentials Important notes (2)

A

1) All or nothing

2) Continues to propagate itself down the axon like a wave

45
Q

Action Potentials: Graph: Upside what phase is that?

A

Depolarization

46
Q

Action Potentials: Graph: Downside what phase is that?

A

Repolarization

47
Q

What is Myelin? (2)

A

1) fatty insulator - mainly lipids

2) has exposed nodes to transfer info A-B

48
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A

1) Jumps node to node by jumping over insulated region

2) 50 times faster for myelinated nerves

49
Q

what is Multiple Sclerosis? (3)

A

1) Loss of Myelin
2) Decrease speed of impulses
3) Loss of coordination in muscles and cells

50
Q

What are Synapses (2)

A

1) Junctions between two neurons

2) Primary way in which neurons communicate with each other

51
Q

How do Synapses work? (5)

A

1) An action potential arrives at the terminal end
2) Action Potential triggers Ca+2 to open and release Ca+2
3) The release of neurotransmitters are triggered
4) Neurotransmitters migrate across synapses
5) Bind to site - ions are opened - triggers graded potential

52
Q

Signal at synapse either x or y the

postsynaptic neuron?

A

Excite or inhibit

53
Q

Two types of synapses (2)

A

1) Excitatory Synapses (NA+ or ion gate)

2) Inhibitory synapses (K+)

54
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemical used at synapse - Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. It is a type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another “target” neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.

55
Q

What are some common neurotransmitters? (4)

A

1) Acetylcholine
2) Norepinephrine / epinephrine
3) Dopamine
4) Serotonini

56
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in muscles

A

Acetylcholine

57
Q

What is Norepinephrine / epinephrine used as a neurotransmitter?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

58
Q

What is Substance P?

A

A neurotransmitter used in pain pathways

59
Q

Drugs that alter synaptic

transmission

A

Cocaine
Strychnine
Tetanus toxin
Botulism

60
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

61
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord (4)

A

1) Cranial and spinal nerves
2) Reflexes
3) Higher thought
4) Autonomic System

62
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord -Brain (5)

A

1) Brain Stem
2) Cerebellum
3) Thalamus
4) Hypothalamus
5) Cerebral Cortex

63
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord -Brain - Brain Stem (1)

A

Basic Life function

64
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord -Cerebellum

A

Coordination - locate in slides but image first SON

65
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Thalamus

A

Transfer region - locate in slides but image first SON

66
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Hypothalamus

A

Hormones - locate in slides but image first SON

67
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex (4)

A

Front component of brain consisting of:

1) Frontal Lobe
2) Parietal Lobe
3) Temporal Lobe
4) Occipital Lobe

68
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Frontal Lobe (2)

A

1) Motor action
2) Personality
Front of cerebral lobe

69
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Parietal Lobe

A

Sensory processing (Behind frontal lobe but infront of occipital lobe)

70
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Lobw

A

Auditory Processing (On ear of the cerebreal cortex)

71
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Occipital Lobe

A

Vision (back of the cerebral cortex)

72
Q

What is the Somatosensory Cortex?

A

Connect the sensory processing to the motor output

73
Q

Limbic System, what is it?

A

Learning, memory, and emotions

74
Q

What are Electroencephalograms (EEG)

A

External recordings of the brains wave patter

75
Q

What are the type of Brain Waves ? (4)

A

1) Alpha
2) Beta
3) Theta
4) Delta

76
Q

What are the type of Brain Waves - Alpha

A

Lower frequency - relaxed state - eyes relaxed

77
Q

What are the type of Brain Waves ? - Beta

A

Higher frequency - Alert & concentration

78
Q

What are the type of Brain Waves ? Theta

A

Light sleep

79
Q

What are the type of Brain Waves ? Delta

A

Deep sleep

80
Q

Alternate between non-REM and REM sleep

A

EEG patterns undergo characteristic shifts in a
sleeping person, reflecting the four stages of sleep;
the duration of the series is typically ~90 minutes, and
the entire pattern cycles 4 to 8 times per night.

81
Q

Sleep Patterns - Non Rem Sleep (2)

A

1) Rest & Repair

2) Theta & Delta waves

82
Q

Sleep Patterns - REM sleep (5)

A

1) Dream state
2) Belta waves
3) Problem solving
4) Reverse learning
5) Rapid eye movement

83
Q

Types of sleeps (2)

A

1) Slow wave Sleep

2) Paradoxical Sleep

84
Q

Types of sleeps - Slow Wave Sleep (3)

A

1) EGG : Slow waves
2) Dreaming rare
3) 80%

85
Q

Types of sleeps - Paradoxical Sleep (3)

A

1) EGG: Beta waves - alert
2) Dreaming Common
3) 20%

86
Q

Short term vs Long Term Memory - Short

A

1) Limited capacity
2) Fast retrieval
3) Temporal Neural trace

87
Q

Long Term Memory

A

1) Huge Capacity
2) Slower retrieval
3) Permanent neural trace

88
Q

How to transfer from short-term memories to long term memories (5)

A

1) Sleep lol
2) Relates to past events/ memories
3) Emotional connection
4) Repetition
5) Adequate diet & Exercise

89
Q

Grey and White Matter - Grey matter (3)

A

1) Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
2) Dendrites
3) Axon Terminals

90
Q

White matter (2)

A
  1. Myelinated axons

2. Contains very few cell bodies

91
Q

Spinal Reflexes - Protective reflexes

A

faster when brain is not involved - Often monosynaptic

92
Q

Stretch Reflex - Triggers a reflex contraction (5)

A

1) Extrafusal muscle fibers at resting length
2) Sensory neuron is tonically active.
3) Spinal cord integrates function.
4) Alpha motor neurons to
extrafusal fibers receive tonic
input from muscle spindles.
5) Extrafusal fibers maintain a certain
level of tension even at rest

Bio Final Part 2 (5 decks)

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