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Bio Final Part 2 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

How do cells communicate? (2)

A

1) Endocrine system (hormones)

2) Nervous system

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2
Q

How does neural communications happen?(2)

A

1) Nerve and muscle excitatory tissue

2) Rapid changes in membrane potentials

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3
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches? (2)

A

1) Central Nervous System (CNS)

2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNP)

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4
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What is the Central Nervous System (CNS) (1)

A

1) Brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What is the function of the Central Nervous System (CNS) (3)

A

Functions include:

1) Receive
2) Process
3) and transfer information

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6
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNP) (1)

A

The nerves outside the Central Nervous System (CNS)

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7
Q

What are the two Nervous System Branches - What are there two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNP) (1)

A

1) Sensory Division: Carries information to the CNS

2) Motor Division: Carries information away from the CNS

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8
Q

Central Nervous System deals with

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System deals with (2)

A

1) Sensory inputs

2) Motor outputs

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10
Q

Name the components of a Neuron? (5)

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body
3) Axon
4) Axon Terminal
5) Axon Collateral

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11
Q

What are the Functional Classes of Neurons? (2)

A

1) Afferent Neurons
2) Efferent Neurons
3) Interneurons

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12
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons - Afferent Neurons (3)

A

1) Ascending - hand, to head
2) Dendrites are in the Periphery Nervous System
3) Axon Terminal ends in the Central Nervous System

Think : (recepter) -> message -> Dendrites in the PNS -> Message -> Terminal Axon @ CNS

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13
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons - Efferent Neurons (3)

A

1) Descending - head to toes or hand
2) Dendrites in the CNS
3) Terminal Axons in the PNS

Think: (recepter)

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14
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons - Efferent Interneurons (2)

A

1) Transfer of messages between the CNS and PNS

2) 99% of all neurons have interneurons

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15
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy (4)

A

1) Dendrites
2) Cell body
3) Axon
4) Axon Terminal

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16
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Dendrites (2)

A

1) Small extension of cell body

2) RECEIVES incoming information

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17
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Cell body

A

Nucleus of most organelles

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18
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Axons (2)

A

1) Specialized to conduct impulses

2) Long and slender

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19
Q

Neurons - Nerve Cells Anatomy - Axon Terminals

A

1) Synapses with another neuron or effect organ

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20
Q

Membrane Potential (2)

A

1) Nerve and muscle cells are excitable cells and produce rapid, transient changes in their membrane potential
2) Resting Membranes: Constant in cells of non-excitable tissues and excitable tissues at rest

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21
Q

Membrane Potential - Nerves and Muscle cells (1)

A

are excitable cells and produce rapid, transient changes in their membrane potential

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22
Q

Membrane Potential - Resting Membranes (1)

A

Constant in cells of non-excitable tissues and excitable tissues at rest

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23
Q

Resting Membrane Potential - How does it work? What’s in the inside of the membrane as oppose to the outside during rest? (2)

A

1) Seperation of opposite charges across plasma gradient

2) More NA+ outside and more K+ inside

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24
Q

Resting Membrane Potential - What is the charge relative from the inside to the outside ? (2)

A

1) Inside has negative anions
2) More positive in the outside
- Charge difference

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25
What four things Maintenance the Membrane | Potential (4)
1) Impermeable membrane 2) NA+ K+ ATP pump 3) Increased permeability to K+ 4) Anions inside
26
Neurons at Rest (3)
1) Inside cell in -70mV 2) NA+ & K+ gates are closed 3) NA/ K + pump is working
27
Na+ and K+ gates- What happens if NA+ gates open? (3)
1) Predominant NA+ OUTSIDE cell moves along its concentration and electrical gradient 2) Inside the cell become more +
28
Na+ and K+ gates- What happens if the K+ gates open (3)
1) Predominant K+ INSIDE the cell moves out the cell | 2) Inside become more -
29
Is K+ predominantly in the inside or outside? And is NA+ predominantly in the inside or outside ?
K+: Predominantly inside | NA+ : Predominantly outside
30
Types of Changes in Membrane | Potential (2)
1) Depolarization 2) Hyper-polarization - Think: the change in negativity more or less negativity when it comes to membrane potentials
31
Types of Changes in Membrane | Potential - Depolarization (2)
1) Less negative | 2) Excitatory
32
Types of Changes in Membrane | Potential - Hyperpolarization (2)
1) More negative | 2) Inhibitory
33
Types of Changes in Membrane - Graphed - ___ deflection = __ in potential: Depolarization
1) Upward | 2) Decrease (negative)
34
Types of Changes in Membrane - Graphed - ___ deflection = __ in potential: Hyper-polarization
1) Downward | 2) Increase (negative)
35
Graded Potentials Alter the | Resting Potential: What are the Graded Potentials?
1) Small local changes in the resting potential 2) May depolarize or hyper-polarize the membrane 3) Can summate or die
36
Graded Potentials Alter the | Resting Potential - Grade Potentials -Small local changes in the resting potential start and are triggered by? (2)
1) Triggered by chemical and mechanical changes | 2) Usually start in the dendrites
37
Graded Potentials Alter the | Resting Potential - Grade Potentials - May depolarize or hyper-polarize the membrane by ....
opening either K+ or NA+ gates
38
What is the minimum required Membrane Potential to achieve an ACTION POTENTIAL:
-55mV - nerve impulse
39
Action Potentials - ION changes produce the phases of the action potential: Name the four? (4)
1) Resting pontential 2) De-polarization 3) Re-polarization 4) Hyper-polarization
40
Action Potential: Resting potential?
- 70mV | - Graded potential reach must first be -55mV triggers AP
41
Action Potential: What happens, Resting potential, then the threshold of -55mV is passed? (3)
1) Depolarization - less negative 2) NA+ rushes in 3) +30 mV
42
Action Potential: What happens, Resting potential, then the threshold of -55mV is passed then Depolarization and then..... (3)
1) Repolarization 2) NA+ gates close and K+ open 3) NA+ is stopped from coming in and K+ is released
43
Action Potential: What is Hyper-polarization? (2)
Resting potential -> threshold of -55mV-> Depolarization -> Repolarization happens to slow by K+ gates open to slowely and an overshoot happens of -80mV
44
Action Potentials Important notes (2)
1) All or nothing | 2) Continues to propagate itself down the axon like a wave
45
Action Potentials: Graph: Upside what phase is that?
Depolarization
46
Action Potentials: Graph: Downside what phase is that?
Repolarization
47
What is Myelin? (2)
1) fatty insulator - mainly lipids | 2) has exposed nodes to transfer info A-B
48
What is Saltatory Conduction?
1) Jumps node to node by jumping over insulated region | 2) 50 times faster for myelinated nerves
49
what is Multiple Sclerosis? (3)
1) Loss of Myelin 2) Decrease speed of impulses 3) Loss of coordination in muscles and cells
50
What are Synapses (2)
1) Junctions between two neurons | 2) Primary way in which neurons communicate with each other
51
How do Synapses work? (5)
1) An action potential arrives at the terminal end 2) Action Potential triggers Ca+2 to open and release Ca+2 3) The release of neurotransmitters are triggered 4) Neurotransmitters migrate across synapses 5) Bind to site - ions are opened - triggers graded potential
52
Signal at synapse either x or y the | postsynaptic neuron?
Excite or inhibit
53
Two types of synapses (2)
1) Excitatory Synapses (NA+ or ion gate) | 2) Inhibitory synapses (K+)
54
What are neurotransmitters
Chemical used at synapse - Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. It is a type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.
55
What are some common neurotransmitters? (4)
1) Acetylcholine 2) Norepinephrine / epinephrine 3) Dopamine 4) Serotonini
56
What is the neurotransmitter used in muscles
Acetylcholine
57
What is Norepinephrine / epinephrine used as a neurotransmitter?
Sympathetic Nervous System
58
What is Substance P?
A neurotransmitter used in pain pathways
59
Drugs that alter synaptic | transmission
Cocaine Strychnine Tetanus toxin Botulism
60
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
61
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord (4)
1) Cranial and spinal nerves 2) Reflexes 3) Higher thought 4) Autonomic System
62
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord -Brain (5)
1) Brain Stem 2) Cerebellum 3) Thalamus 4) Hypothalamus 5) Cerebral Cortex
63
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord -Brain - Brain Stem (1)
Basic Life function
64
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord -Cerebellum
Coordination - locate in slides but image first SON
65
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Thalamus
Transfer region - locate in slides but image first SON
66
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Hypothalamus
Hormones - locate in slides but image first SON
67
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex (4)
Front component of brain consisting of: 1) Frontal Lobe 2) Parietal Lobe 3) Temporal Lobe 4) Occipital Lobe
68
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Frontal Lobe (2)
1) Motor action 2) Personality Front of cerebral lobe
69
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Parietal Lobe
Sensory processing (Behind frontal lobe but infront of occipital lobe)
70
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Lobw
Auditory Processing (On ear of the cerebreal cortex)
71
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of - Brain and spinal cord - Cerebral Cortex - Occipital Lobe
Vision (back of the cerebral cortex)
72
What is the Somatosensory Cortex?
Connect the sensory processing to the motor output
73
Limbic System, what is it?
Learning, memory, and emotions
74
What are Electroencephalograms (EEG)
External recordings of the brains wave patter
75
What are the type of Brain Waves ? (4)
1) Alpha 2) Beta 3) Theta 4) Delta
76
What are the type of Brain Waves - Alpha
Lower frequency - relaxed state - eyes relaxed
77
What are the type of Brain Waves ? - Beta
Higher frequency - Alert & concentration
78
What are the type of Brain Waves ? Theta
Light sleep
79
What are the type of Brain Waves ? Delta
Deep sleep
80
Alternate between non-REM and REM sleep
EEG patterns undergo characteristic shifts in a sleeping person, reflecting the four stages of sleep; the duration of the series is typically ~90 minutes, and the entire pattern cycles 4 to 8 times per night.
81
Sleep Patterns - Non Rem Sleep (2)
1) Rest & Repair | 2) Theta & Delta waves
82
Sleep Patterns - REM sleep (5)
1) Dream state 2) Belta waves 3) Problem solving 4) Reverse learning 5) Rapid eye movement
83
Types of sleeps (2)
1) Slow wave Sleep | 2) Paradoxical Sleep
84
Types of sleeps - Slow Wave Sleep (3)
1) EGG : Slow waves 2) Dreaming rare 3) 80%
85
Types of sleeps - Paradoxical Sleep (3)
1) EGG: Beta waves - alert 2) Dreaming Common 3) 20%
86
Short term vs Long Term Memory - Short
1) Limited capacity 2) Fast retrieval 3) Temporal Neural trace
87
Long Term Memory
1) Huge Capacity 2) Slower retrieval 3) Permanent neural trace
88
How to transfer from short-term memories to long term memories (5)
1) Sleep lol 2) Relates to past events/ memories 3) Emotional connection 4) Repetition 5) Adequate diet & Exercise
89
Grey and White Matter - Grey matter (3)
1) Unmyelinated nerve cell bodies 2) Dendrites 3) Axon Terminals
90
White matter (2)
1. Myelinated axons | 2. Contains very few cell bodies
91
Spinal Reflexes - Protective reflexes
faster when brain is not involved - Often monosynaptic
92
Stretch Reflex - Triggers a reflex contraction (5)
1) Extrafusal muscle fibers at resting length 2) Sensory neuron is tonically active. 3) Spinal cord integrates function. 4) Alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers receive tonic input from muscle spindles. 5) Extrafusal fibers maintain a certain level of tension even at rest

Bio Final Part 2 (5 decks)

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