Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the brain

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
Brain stem (midbrain, pons and medulla)
Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cerebellum

A 
Lies posterior to brain stem
Involved in maintenance of:
- balance
- posture
- muscle tone
Coordinates movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Brain stem

A

Contains ascending and descending nerve fibre tracts
Cranial nerves III - XII arise here
Contains vital centres such as CV and respiratory centres
Contains Midbrain, Pons and Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diencephalon

A 
Thalamus:
- important relay station for sensory information
Hypothalamus:
- hormone secretion
- integrating centre for ANS
- thermoregulation
- hunger & satiety centres 
- thirst centre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cerebrum

A

2 hemispheres
Sulci and gyri
Cortex = grey matter
Connecting fibres = white matter
Basal ganglia = grey matter
Hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
Organisation:
> Frontal lobe = motor cortex, intellect, mood and social judgement
> Parietal lobe = somatosensory cortex - general sensation and taste
> Temporal lobe = auditory cortex
> Occipital lobe = visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The meninges

A

3 membranes:
- dura mater (top layer)
- arachnoid mater (middle)
- pia mater (inner layer)
Subarachnoid space between pia and arachnoid that contains CSF
CSF secreted into each ventricle of the brain by choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ventricular system

A

The ventricles are interconnecting chambers that produce CSF
Lateral ventricles x 2 (cerebral hemispheres)
Third ventricle (lateral walls formed by thalamus)
Cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd to 4th ventricle)
Fourth ventricle (between brainstem and cerebellum)
Continuous with the subarachnoid space and the central canal of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CSF and its functions

A

Continuously secreted at a rate of 0.5ml per minute
Supports and protects spinal chord by maintaining pressure =
Acts as shock absorber between brain and skull
Keeps brain and spinal chord moist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood supply to brain

A

Brain supplied by the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
12 pairs
Arise from brain
May carry:
- only motor fibres
- only sensory fibres
- or both
4 pairs also carry parasympathetic fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Spinal nerves

A 
Supported & protected by vertebral column
Continuous with brain stem
Terminates at the conus medullaris – level L1
31 spinal nerves:
> 8 cervical
> 12 thoracic
> 5 lumbar
> 5 sacral
> 1 coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name a simple non-polarised cell

A

Kidney cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name a simple polarised cell

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name a highly polarised cell

A

A neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 major cells in the NS?

A

Glia and Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glia

A 
Outnumber neurons in most brain areas
May mediate some signalling in brain
Primary role is to support neurons
Can divide (unlike neurons)
Glia in CNS:
- Oligodendrocytes (myelinated), many axons
- ependymal cells
- astrocytes
Glia in PNS:
- Schwann cells (myelinated) - single axon
17
Q

Grey matter and white matter

A

Grey matter = nerve cells bodies, outside of brain and inner part of spinal chord
White matter = axons and myelin, inner part of brain and out part of spinal chord

18
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Inside of neurone is negative (-70mV) compared to outside which is polarised
More sodium outside = positive charge
More potassium and proteins inside = negative charge
This is maintained by sopdium/potassium pump

19
Q

Action potential

A
  1. Sodium channels open
  2. Sodium moves into neuron
  3. If impulse reaches threshold (+40mV) = propagation of action potential and depolarisation of axon
20
Q

Repolarisation

A

Sodium channels close
Potassium channels open
Potassium moves out
Return of electrical potential to inside negative

21
Q

Job of myelin

A

Insulates the axon so electrical impulse is propagated quicker down axon
Multiple Scelerosis is an example of a disease affecting myelin (myelin attacked by own immune system and degraded)

22
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses

A 
Serotonin
Acetyl choline	
Glutamate
Dopamine	
GABA		
Noradrenaline	
Adrenaline
23
Q

CNS control of ANS

A

ANS information is integrated in hypothalamus

3 neural outputs: somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

24
Q

Sympathetic NS

A 
"fight or flight" response
> tachycardia
> increased BP
> increased blood flow to muscles
> increased blood sugar levels
> inhibits GI peristalsis 
> relaxes airways
> pupil dilation
Control activities that use energy
25
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A 
"rest and digest" response
> bradycardia
> increased GI motility
> bronchial constriction
> pupil constriction
> gastric acid secretion
Control activities that conserve energy
26
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

Neurotransmitter in all preganglionic ANS neurons
Parasympathetic ANS postganglionic neurons also release Ach
2 types:
> nicotinic receptors (act at ganglionic synapses of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)
> muscarinic receptors (at target tissues of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons)
- muscarinic receptors blocker by ATROPINE
- nicotinic receptors blocker by CURARE

27
Q

Sympathetic NS organisation

A 
Acetylcholine and noradrenaline 
Nicotinic Ach receptors on post-ganglionic neuron
Preganglionic neuron = short
Location of ganglia = paravertebral
Catabolic effects

Adrenal medulla:
- hormones able to act on sympathetic effector cells
Adrenal gland:
- stress causes hormones to be released in brain and adrenal gland
- cortisol released by adrenal cortex

28
Q

Stimulant drugs associated with Sympathetic NS

A 
Cocaine 
- stimulant, appetite suppressant
- prolongs effects or noradrenaline
Amphetamine
- psychostimulant 
- prolongs effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, seretonin
29
Q

Parasympathetic NS organisation

A 
Only acetylcholine 
Nicotinic Ach receptors at post-ganglionic membrane 
Pre-ganglionic neurone = long
Location of ganglia = close to effector 
Anabolic effects
30
Q

The enteric division

A

Two complex networks -
- myenteric plexus
- submucous plexus
Controls a lot of processes in food transport and digestion
Same number of neurons as whole spinal chord

31
Q

ANS problems & causes

A 
Orthostatic hypotension
Inability to sweat/excess sweating
Severe constipation
Impotence
Causes:
- diabetes
- old age 
- drugs/medications
- autoimmune degradation of nerves
- spinal injury
- brain tumours

Anatomy and Physiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions