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Neurology > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical border between the CNS and PNS?

A

Pia mater

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2
Q

What is the difference between tumours of the CNS and PNS?

A

All tumours are benign in the PNS

CNS

  • malignant tumours as a feature of glia
  • neurones have benign tumours
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3
Q

What causes neurones to have emergent properties?

A

Interconnections between neurones that give rise to neural circuits and some circuits can form networks
Neuronal networks behave in complex manners not seen in the individual members of the networks

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4
Q

What are the emergent properties of the brain?

A 
Consciousness
Sensory awareness
Thought processes
Sensory attention
More...

They make it different from all other organs

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5
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Hindbrain
-pons
-medulla

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6
Q

What is the anatomical orientation of the brain?

A

Forebrain - front to back = rostral to caudal

Brainstem - top to bottom = rostral to caudal

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7
Q

What is the tapering end of the spinal cord known as?

A

The conus medullaris

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8
Q

What is the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

The central cavity that runs through its length

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9
Q

What makes up the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Cell bodies of primary sensory neurones

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10
Q

What are the glia of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells which provide myelination

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11
Q

Which bones make up the skull?

A

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

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12
Q

PICTUR Which bones form the floor of the skull?

A 
Frontal
Occipital
Ethmoid 
Sphenoid
Vomer
Nasal
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13
Q

Where does each cranial fossa run from and between?

A

Anterior - alveolar arches of maxilla to posterior edge of hard palate

Middle - posterior edge of hard palate to anterior edge of foramen magnum

Posterior - behind middle

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14
Q

What are clinically important features of the roof of the skull/calvaria?

A

Imprints of blood vessels
Foramina for emissary veins
Granular pits

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15
Q

Difference between sulci and gyri?

A

Sulci are the grooves/fissures

Gyri are the ridges/elevations

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16
Q

What can large sulci be used for clinically?

A

Landmarks in brain mapping for surgery as they are the same across individuals

17
Q

What is the difference between the archicortex, paleocortex and neocortex?

A

Archicortex - involved in olfaction

Paleocortex - formation of memory

Neocortex - thinking brain - no ability to regenerate when damaged

18
Q

What divides the cerebral cortex into right and left hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure and falx cerebri

19
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

A fold of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the hemispheres

20
Q

What connects the hemispheres?

A

Corpus callousness

Commissures

21
Q

What are the three primary vesicles of the brain called?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

22
Q

How many secondary vesicles are there?

A

5

  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • pons
  • medulla
  • ??
23
Q

Functions of the meninges?

A

Support and mechanically stabilise the contents of the cranium
Organise/divide the cranial cavity into anatomical compartments

24
Q

Layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater x2
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

25
Q

Where is the extradural space found?

A

Between the inner layer of the cranium and dura mater

26
Q

What is the subdural space found between?

A

The dura mater and the arachnoid mater

27
Q

What is the subarachnoid space found between?

A

The arachnoid mater and the pia mater

28
Q

In which space is CSF found?

A

The sub-arachnoid space

29
Q

Functions of the CSF?

A

Bathes the brain
Cushions the brain against mechanical force
Reservoir for metabolic substrate for the brain
Dissolves and carries away products of metabolism from the brain

30
Q

What is different about the meningeal layers

A

Only one layer of dura mater

31
Q

Name the two dural layers

A

Endosteal

Meningeal

32
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Infolding of meningeal dura mater that forms a roof over the posterior cranial fossa
Covers the upper surface of the cerebellum

33
Q

What passes through the tentorial incisure (a hole in the tentorium cerebelli)

A

The midbrain

34
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli divide the cranial cavity into?

A

The supra and infra-tentorial compartments

35
Q

What are clinical implications of damage to the blood brain barrier?

A

Drug delivery requires specialised approaches

There is little immune function in the brain, damage leads to overwhelming infection

36
Q

What is the CNS and PNS covered in?

A

CNS covered in meninges

PNS covered in endoneurium, perineurium and epineurium

Neurology (20 decks)

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