The Nervous System 2

Question 1

There are 3 Embryonic Brain Regions, what are they?

Answer 1

• Forebrain
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain

Question 2

What does the Forebrain develop into, in children and adults?

Answer 2

Cerebrum and Diencephalon

Question 3

What does the Midbrain develop into, in children and adults?

Answer 3

Midbrain

Question 4

What does the Hindbrain develop into, in children and adults?

Answer 4

Pons and Medulla oblongata

Question 5

The Cerebrum consists of what structures?

Answer 5

Cerebral Cortex, White Matter, and Basal Nuclei.

Question 6

The Diencephalon consists of what structures?

Answer 6

Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Apithalamus.

Question 7

The Midbrain consists of what structure?

Answer 7

Part of the Brainstem.

Question 8

The Pons consists of what structure?

Answer 8

Brainstem and Cerebellum.

Question 9

The Medulla Oblongata consists of what structures?

Answer 9

Part of the Brainstem.

Question 10

There are 5 phases in Brain development, what are they?

Answer 10

• Neural plate induction
• Neural proliferation
• Migration and Aggregation
• Axon growth and Synapse formation
• Cell death and synapse rearrangement

Question 11

Radial Glia cells act as what?

Answer 11

Guide wires for migration of neurons.

Question 12

What kind of cells are immature and lack dendrites?

Answer 12

Migrating cells.

Question 13

Cell that finish migrating align themselves with other cells to form structures. What is this process called?

Answer 13

Aggregation.

Question 14

What 3 things do Neurotrophins do?

Answer 14

• Promotes growth and survival.
• Guide axons.
• Stimulate synaptogenesis.

Question 15

What does Cerebral Cortex control?

Answer 15

Voluntary movement and cognitive functions.

Question 16

What is the Cerebrum essential for?

Answer 16

Awareness, language, cognition, memory and consciousness.

Question 17

What organs and receptors does the Cerebral cortex receive input from?

Answer 17

Sensory organs and Somatosensory receptors.

Question 18

What functions in motivation, olfaction, behaviour, and memory?

Answer 18

The Limbic system.

Question 19

What do Dendrites do?

Answer 19

Receive inputs from other neurons, and convey electrical signals passively to the soma.

Question 20

What does the Soma (Cell Body) do?

Answer 20

It is the Synthetic and Metabolic centre, and integrates electrical signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock.

Question 21

What does the Axon hillock and initial segment do?

Answer 21

It is the site of initiation of the ‘all or nothing’ action potential.

Question 22

What does the Axon do?

Answer 22

Conducts output signals as action potentials to the presynaptic terminal.

Question 23

What is the synapse?

Answer 23

The point of chemical communication between neurons.

Question 24

Action potential depolarises the ___ ___. The depolarisation opens ___ gated ___ channels and ___ enters the cell. ___ entry triggers Exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the postsynaptic cell. This initiates a ___.

Answer 24

Action potential depolarises the axon terminal. The depolarisation opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ enters the cell. Calcium entry triggers Exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the postsynaptic cell. This initiates a response.

Question 25

How do we inactivate Neurotransmitters?

Answer 25

Neurotransmitters are returned to axon terminals or into glial cells. Enzymes will inactivate Neurotransmitters.

Question 26

What is the importance of Astrocytes?

Answer 26

Required for high rates of information transmission at excitatory synapses in the CNS.