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biom1052 > THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

how many main nervous systems are there

A

2

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2
Q

what are the 2 nervous systems we focused on

A

CNS and PNS (central and peripheral)

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3
Q

what does the PNS consist of

A

cranial nerves, ganglia outside CNS, and spinal nerves

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4
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what is the primary function of the CNS

A

the primary function of the CNS is to integrate information

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6
Q

what is the process of CNS and PNS

A

the CNS processes sensory information and coordinates an appropriate response through the PNS

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7
Q

what are the two main categories of PNS

A

afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)

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8
Q

what are the two main categories of efferent (motor)

A

somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle) and autonomic nervous system (involuntary muscle movements i.e heart: smooth muscle, cardiac + glands)

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9
Q

S A M E acronym stands for

A

Sensory - afferent (bring to) and motor - efferent (bring out)

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10
Q

what are the parts of a neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, synaptic terminals

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11
Q

What are the names of the diff neurons

A

anaxonic neuron, bipolar neuron, unipolar neuron, multipolar neuron

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12
Q

properties of anaxonic neurons

A
  • small
  • many dendrites
  • no obvious axon
  • brain + special senses
  • poorly understood
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13
Q

properties of bipolar neurons

A
  • one axon + one dendrite (two poles)
  • special senses
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14
Q

properties of unipolar neurons

A
  • single fused process (dendrites and axon with cell body to the side)
  • most of the process is the bacon
  • most sensory neurons
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15
Q

properties of multipolar neurons

A
  • 2 or more dentrites and 1 axon
  • motor neurons
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16
Q

what are the three different neurons and their function

A

sensory neurons - neuron sending sensory into CNS
motor neurons - neurons sending motor info from CNS
interneurons - link sensory + motor neurons (mostly in CNS/ brain + spinal cord)

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17
Q

what are neurons supported by

A

glia/neuroglia (glue)

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18
Q

True or False? there are different glia in CNS and PNS

A

true

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19
Q

what are the names of the Glia in PNS

A
  • schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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20
Q

what are the names of the Glia in CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • ependymal cells
  • microglia
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21
Q

schwann cells

A
  • PNS glia
  • function: myelination of PNS axons
  • insulation/support of unmyelinated PNS axons
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22
Q

satellite cells

A

surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS with the purpose to regulate exchanges with interstitial fluid

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23
Q

astrocytes

A

are most abundant glia cells in CNS and have many cell processes.

they involve in the formation of the BBB and regulate chemical composition of interstitial fluid and structural support

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24
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

have many processes and their function is the myelination of CNS axons where each oligodendrocyte myelinates multiple axons which is important as it increases the speed of the AP conduction

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25
Q

ependymal cells

A

epithelial cells that line cavities containing CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) - brain ventricles + spinal cord (central canal) and functions to production + circulation of CSF

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26
Q

microglia

A

least common CNS glia and is a part of the immune system. Phagocytic cells like debris, waste products and pathogens

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27
Q

what is myelination

A

process of wrapping a fatty layer myelin around nerve axons to speed up nerve signal transmission

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28
Q

what is myelin

A

a fatty layer

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29
Q

what are bundles of axons called in the PNS

A

nerves

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30
Q

what are bundles of axons called in the CNS

A

tracts

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31
Q

what are clusters of cell bodies called in the PNS

A

ganglia

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32
Q

what are clusters of cell bodies called in the CNS

A

nuclei

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33
Q

function of nerves (PNS)

A

nerves are bundles of axons in PNS which are most classified as mixed nerves because they contain sensory + motor fibres. Its functions in carrying the action potential which will travel in both sensory and motor directions

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34
Q

what are the 3 connective tissues

A

epineurium (upon) - fibrous outermost layer
perineurium (around) - separates axon bundles into fascicles - blood vessels
endoneurium (within) - wraps around individual axons

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35
Q

what are ganglia

A

ganglia are clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system that can contain cell bodies from afferent (dorsal root ganglia) and efferent (autonomic nervous system) and are surrounded by epineurium

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36
Q

what two colors are associated in the CNS

A

grey and white matter

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37
Q

what is grey matter

A

grey matter is coloured from cell bodies. It has cell bodies dendrites glia, and unmyelinated axons. It contains nuclei as well

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38
Q

what is white matter

A

white matter is coloured from myelin (fatty substance) and has mostly myelinated axons and tracts

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39
Q

what occurs in:

dendrites/cell body
axon hillock
axon
synaptic terminals

A

graded potentials
AP initiation
AP propagation
Neurotransmitter release

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40
Q

list the process of action potentials (graph line)

A

1) graded potential
2) depolarisation
3) repolarisation
4) hyperpolarisation

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41
Q

what are graded potentials?

A

graded potentials are changes in membrane potential and occur at the dendrites + cell body. They can be excitatory or inhibitory

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42
Q

what is an excited neuron

A

it is closer to threshold + triggers AP by making the membrane potential less negative

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43
Q

what is an inhibited neuron

A

it is further from threshold + inhibits AP by hyperpolarising neurons

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44
Q

properties of the spinal cord

A
  • part of the CNS
  • conduction pathway to + from brain
  • extends from the brain stem
  • has 4 vertebral regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
  • spinal cord is encased by the vertebral canal
  • has white and grey matter
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45
Q

what are the 4 vertebral regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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46
Q

what is another name for “horse tail”

A

cauda equina

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47
Q

what is another name for “cauda equina”

A

horse tail

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48
Q

properties of vertebral canal

A
  • roots of spinal nerves emerge from spaces between vertebrae
49
Q

what are meninges and their names

A

meninges are protective coverings

spinal cord is protected by 3 membranes: spinal meninges are dura mater (outer), arachnoid mater (middle) and pia mater (inner)

50
Q

properties of the pia mater

A

pia mater is the inner membrane bound to the spinal cord + provides support to blood vessels of spinal cord

51
Q

properties of the dura mater

A

dura mater is the outer membrane with a tough and fibrous connective tissue layer around the outside

52
Q

properties of the arachnoid mater

A

arachnoid mater is the middle membrane with a spiderweb like look

53
Q

how many meninges and spaces are in the spinal cord

A

3 meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

2 spaces
epidural space
subarachnoid space

54
Q

properties of the epidural space

A
  • between dura mater and vertebrae
  • loose connective tissue, blood vessels + adipose tissue (full of fat + connective tissue)
  • epidural anesthetic (birth)
55
Q

properties of the subarachnoud space

A
  • between arachnoid mater + pia mater
  • contains CSF: shock absorber (helps spinal cord to shift around + move a little) + diffusion medium for gases, nutrients etc
  • can also inject spinal anaesthesia here but because it is fluid it is more difficult to localise the anaesthetic so position of the patient helps the spread of CSF of CNS
56
Q

grey matter of spinal cord

A
  • h shape
  • organised into horns: dorsal, lateral, ventral
57
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A
  • allows communication within zcns + contains tracts (bundles of axons travelling in CNS)
  • ascending and descending tracts
58
Q

properties of the dorsal horn

A

-sensory neurons enter spinal cord + synapse with cell bodies of interneurons
- posterior

59
Q

properties of the lateral horn

A
  • contains cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons (involuntary control i.e smooth muscle)
  • only found in certain areas of spinal cord
  • only in T1-L2 and S2-S4
60
Q

properties of the ventral horn

A
  • contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons (controls skeletal muscle)
61
Q

ascending tracts

A

take sensory info to the brain

62
Q

descending tracts

A

send motor commands to the spinal cord

63
Q

spinal roots

A
  • neurons enter + exit spinal cord through roots: dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion and ventral root
  • spinal roots contain either afferent or efferent neruons
  • each dorsal + ventral root fuses to form a spinal nerve (mixed nerves)
64
Q

dorsal root

A

afferent axons

65
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory neuron cell bodies

66
Q

ventral roots

A

efferent axons

67
Q

peripheral nerves

A
  • short spinal nerves branch into rami + may converge into nerve plexuses (join back together)
  • eventually a peripheral nerve is formed
68
Q

spinal reflexes

A
  • atomatic responses to stimuli
  • can be processed in spinal cord (spinal reflexes) or the brain (cranial reflexes)
  • can be: monosynaptic or polysynaptic
69
Q

monosynaptic spinal reflex

A

one synapse between the afferent + efferent neuron

70
Q

polysynaptic spinal reflex

A

more than one synapse involving interneuron

71
Q

reflex arc order

A

receptor, afferent neuron, CNS, efferent neuron, effector

72
Q

reflex arc consists of

A
  • receptors that detect sensations
  • sensory neurons that send AP to CNS (intergration centre)
  • intergration centre which is the CNS (brain or spinal cord)
  • motor neuron that stimulates an effector
  • effector that could be muscle
73
Q

stretch reflex

A
  • a monosynaptic reflex that allows adjustment to posture by detecting changes in muscle length (stretch) + causes contraction of the same muscle. an example is a patellar reflex
74
Q

how is muscle stretch detected?

A

-through muscles spindles (sensory receptors for the stretch reflex)
- muscle spindle is a proprioceptor (type of sensory receptor that tells us where muscles + joints are in space)
- muscle spindles have own muscle inside: made of intrafusal muscle fibres with sensory neurons wrapped around it
- surrounded by extrafusal muscle fibres (regular contractile skeletal muscle) that responds to the stretch reflex - e.g quads (when quad stretch muscle spindle also stretches, inc rate of AP in the sensory neurons)
- more AP travel along alpha motor neurons to the quads

75
Q

what do muscle spindles do

A

muscle spindles detect changes in muscle length

76
Q

polysynaptic reflexees

A

more complex + longer duration due to more synapses with one or more interneurons

77
Q

what is an interneuron

A

type of neuron that are located between sensory and motor neurons

78
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

great for responding to pain

  • move away from a stimulus (pain)
  • sensory neuron send APs to spinal cord + brain - conscious perception of pain
  • synapse with interneurons which can be excitatory or inhibitory
  • muscles contract while other muscles relax
  • reciprocal inhibition: simultaneous stimulation + inhibition of antagonistic muscles - excited one + inhibit the other
79
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A
  • pairs with withdrawal reflex (i.e one leg withdrawn the other leg is needed)
  • injured limb reflexes (bends) and healthy limb extends (straightens)
  • contralateral rather than ipsilateral
80
Q

contralateral

A

motor response on opposite side to stimulus

81
Q

Ipsilateral

A

motor response on the same side as stimulus (eg stretch + withdrawal reflexes)

82
Q

human brain

A

-controls emotions, personality, language, motor activity + sensory perception

83
Q

what are the ways the brain is protected

A

skull
meninges
CSF
BBB - chemical protection

84
Q

what are the cranial meninges

A
  • meninges are protective layers of tissue around the brain and the cranial meninges are continuous with spinal meninges but only diff is with dura mater
85
Q

cranial dura mater

A

2 layers of blood filled in space between (called dura sinus) + no epidural space (dura mater bound to skull)

86
Q

cranial arachnoid mater

A

subarachnoid space contains CSF

87
Q

cranial pia mater

A

sticks to the surface of the brain

88
Q

CSF properties

A

cushions + nourishes the brain + spinal cord (brain floats in the CSF) + it is produced in the CHOROID PLEXUSES of the ventricles

make CSF from blood which travels through capillaries + ependymal cells decide which component inside the blood want to put into the CSF

89
Q

what is the choroid plexuses

A

CSF is produced in the choroid plexuses which is an area inside ventricles made up of many capillaries that bring blood supply to the ventricle.

it is also surrounded by ependymal cells to maintain the CSF

90
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

special transporters that selectively move molecules into CSF

91
Q

what is the flow of CSF

A

CSF circulates through ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord then escapes through ventricle openings into the subarachnoid space where it entered venous blood through arachnoid villi

92
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

is formed by tightly adhered capillary cells which molecules must pass through via diffusion (oxygen, carbon dioxide alcohol or water) or transport proteins (glucose, ions, amino acids)

93
Q

regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

94
Q

cerebral cortex lobes

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe temporal lobe, occipital lobe

95
Q

cerebrum properties

A

right + left hemispheres
white + grey matter
surface has undulations: gyrus, sulcus, fissures

memory, thought, skeletal muscle

96
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains: primary somatosensory cortex allowing perception of general senses - temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

97
Q

frontal lobe

A

contains: primary motor cortex which controls skeletal muscle + receives instructions from premotor cortex

98
Q

somatic motor control

A

cerebral cortex -> spinal cord (ventral horn) -> skeletal muscle

99
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

lobotomy used to be done
- planning + problem solving
- direction attention
-decision making
-creativity
-personality

100
Q

limbic system

A

regulate emotion and memory

101
Q

basal nuclei

A
  • motor control
  • clusters of gray matter embedded in white matter of cerebrum
  • subconscious control of motor activity i.e skeletal muscle tone, pattern + rhythm for movement
  • can also fine tune motor commands of upper motor neurons
102
Q

cerebellum

A
  • cooridinator + predictor of movement
  • can take in sensory info
  • e.g vision - someone throw a ball, sensory info feeds to cerebellum + fine tune motor activity coming from cortex - move hand etc (basically adjust output)
  • useful to maintain balance + posture
103
Q

diencephalon

A

2 components: thalamus and hypothalamus

processing center for sensory information

104
Q

thalamus

A

controller for sensory information that decides if info needs to go to the consciousness. Motor info from the cerebellum + basal nuclei travels through the thalamus to the cortex

105
Q

hypothalamus

A

body balancing functions
- homeostatic control
- endorcrine role
-emotional + behavioral drives
- control of autonomic function

106
Q

brain stem

A

connection spinal cord to rest of brain and has 3 regions - medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

functions as a highway between spinal cord+ brain structures, autonomic control, alertness, provides attachment for cranial nerves + involved in movement

107
Q

cranial nerves

A

cranial nerves are PNS nerves that connect to the brain rather than the spinal cord - most are mixed nerves

108
Q

choroid plexus

A

network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain, producing the CSF

109
Q

BBB

A

selective semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the interstitium of the brain

110
Q

sensory homunculus

A

goto ipad

111
Q

motor homunculus

A

goto ipad

112
Q

clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system are called

A

nuclei

113
Q

what is the correct order of a reflex arc

A

receptor, afferent neuron, CNS, efferent neuron, effector

114
Q

primary somatosensory cortex located in the

A

parietal lobe

115
Q

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • is involuntary + controls glands (sweat glands, digestive glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle _ adipose tissue)
  • maintains homeostasis (blood pressure, body temp, water balance)
  • target organs in - thoracic cavities, body wall, abdominopelvic cavities
  • has 2 divisions - sympathetic and parasympathetic
116
Q

what is homestasis?

A

self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

117
Q

sympathetic autonomic nervous system

A

fight or flight
- preps body to meet challenge
- mental alertness is heightened, metabolic rate is increased, digestive + urinary functions are reduced, energy reserves are activated, respiratory rate increased + airways dilated, heart rate + blood pressure increase, sweat glands activated

118
Q

parasympathetic

A

resting and digesting
- conserves energy for future use
- decreased metabolic rate
- decreased blood pressure and heart rate
- increased secretion of salivary and digestive glands
- increased motility and blood flow in digestive tract
- stimulation of urination and defecation

119
Q
A

biom1052 (2 decks)

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