The Nervous System Flashcards
True or False:
Animals must be able to sense and respond to the environment to be able to survive
True
the adjustment of an animal’s response to changes in the environment and the complex linking of the various processes in the body that this response involves
Co-ordination
Systems involved in co-ordination in animals
bonus: What do you call these systems together?
Nervous and Endocrine systems
bonus: Neuroendocrine system
compare and contrast nervous and endocrine systems
nervous - operates via electrical impulses along nerve fibers
endocrine - operates via releasing hormones from the glands into the bloodstream
What is the function of the nervous system?
bonus: give examples
controls the rapid activities of the body and the rapid reflex action to avoid danger
bonus: muscular contraction, secretions of some endocrine glands, heart rate, respiration, gasto-intestinal motility, reflex act
What is the nervous system composed of?
bonus: give the division of the nervous system and its major parts
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
bonus:
central nervous system [CNS] - brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system [PNS] - nerves
What is the function of neurons?
bonus: What are neurons essentially?
specializes in impulse conduction from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa
bonus: nerve cells
True or False:
the human brain contains 200 billion neurons
False, the human brain contains 100 billion neurons
Vocabulary:
an organ, such as a muscle or a gland, that responds to neural stimulation by producing a particular physical response or initiating a specific physiological event
effector organs
Vocabulary:
the relay of messages from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa
Clue: function of neurons
impulse conduction
Neurons may be classified according to _____________
the direction of impulse conduction
Classifications of neurons
bonus: how are they classified?
Afferent and Efferent
bonus: according to the direction of impulse conduction
Transmit nerve impulses from effector organ to the brain or spinal cord
bonus: other term
Afferent neuron
bonus: sensory neuron
also known as sensory neuron
afferent neuron
transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord
bonus: other term
efferent neuron
bonus: motor neuron
also known as motor neuron
efferent neuron
what are interneurons?
conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron and vice versa within the central nervous system
interneurons conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron, and vice versa within the _____________
bonus: What is your answer composed of?
central nervous system [CNS]
bonus: brain and spinal cord
differentiate the classification of neurons
Afferent [sensory] - transmit nerve impulses from effector organ to the brain or spinal cord
Efferent [motor] - transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord
Interneurons - conduct impulses from an afferent to an efferent neuron, and vice versa within the central nervous system [brain and spinal cord]
True or False:
Afferent neurons transmit nerve impulses towards effector organs and away from the brain or spinal cord
False,
afferent - from effector organ; to brain or spinal cord
efferent - from brain or spinal cord; to effector organs
All neurons consists what? (include how many)
- a soma/cell body
- one axon
- at least one dendrite
_______ and ________ are nerve fibers
bonus: definition of nerve fibers
axon and dendrites
bonus: threadlike extensions from the cell body
the distal end of dendrites of afferent neurons
bonus: function of your answer
receptors
bonus: receptors receive the stimuli that intiate the conduction of impulses to the soma of the neuron
recieves the stimuli that initiate the conduction of impulses to the cell body of the neuron
bonus: technical term for cell body
receptors
bonus: soma
single protrusion that extends out from the soma
bonus: where does this end?
axon
bonus: on a synapse or on any effector organ
the gap between neurons
bonus: function of your answer
synapse
bonus: the synapse is where nerve impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another
Modified True or False:
The synapse is about 100-300 Angstrom units
False, the synapse is about 200-500 Angstrom units
the synapses are located between the axon terminals of one neuron [ ___________ ] and the soma or dendrites of another neuron [ ____________ ]
presynaptic or preganglionic cell;
postsynaptic or postganglionic cell
enumerate the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapse
bonus: what could the chemical mediator most probably be?
- the release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
- neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft
- neurotransmiter brings about a generation of signal or initiation of impulse in the postsynaptic neuron
bonus: the chemical mediator is the neurotransmitter and most likely acetylcholine
the divisions of the nervous system
bonus: what are their major parts?
central nervous system [CNS] and peripheral nervous system [PNS]
bonus: CNS - brain and spinal cord; PNS - nerves
the command center of the body
central nervous system
function of the CNS
bonus: meaning of CNS
interprets incoming sensory information and then sends out instructions on how the body should react
bonus: central nervous system
the peripheral nervous system consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to areas in the rest of the body
what are the types of nerves?
bonus: subdivisions of PNS
cranial and spinal nerves
bonus: somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
________ carry impulses to and from the brain while ________ carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
cranial nerves; spinal nerves
differentiate the functions of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
somatic
- brings about quick adjustments to the muscles to changes in the environment; reflex act
- controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles
autonomic
- controls activities in the body that are automatic
autonomic nervous system - ________ motors; involuntary
_________ - somatic motors; voluntary
visceral;
somatic nervous system
Modified True or False:
the glands and visceral musculature of the body recieve afferent nerve impulses from the somatic nervous system
False,
the glands and visceral musculature of the body recieve efferent nerve impulses from the autonomic nervous system
Given the situation that you burn your finger, arrange the transmission of nerve impulses
a. impulses are sent by way of efferent fibers towards the muscles of the hand
b. receptors in the skin transform the stimulus into nerve impulses
c. nerve impulses cause the finger to be removed from the source of heat
d. impulses are carried by afferent nerve fibers to the spinal cord, to higher nerve centers, and eventually to the brain
bonus: Which system is involved in this process?
b,d,a,c
bonus: somatic nervous system
Modified True or False:
In the somatic nervous system, adjustments of glands and musculature are made by means of chemical mediator: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine released by terminal neurons of the somatic fibers
False,
In the autonomic nervous system, adjustments of glands and musculature are made by means of chemical mediator: acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine released by terminal neurons of the autonomic fibers
Vocabulary:
refers to the axon endings whose function is to release neurotransmitter when stimulated by an electrical signal carried by an axon (answer with the term used in the manual)
bonus: give a synonym
terminal neurons
bonus: terminal buttons, axon terminal, nerve terminal
Can the autonomic nervous system be subdivided? If yes, then give the subdivisions
yes, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Modified True or False:
The parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system work opposite each other
True
controls involuntary activities that keep the body running smoothly under normal everyday conditions
parasympathetic nervous system
regulates involuntary activities that help the body respond to stressful situations
sympathetic nervous system
________ stimulation - fights and flight
________ stimulation - rest and digest
sympathetic;
parasympathetic
give the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the eyes
sympathetic - dilation of pupil
parasympathetic - constriction of pupil
given the sympathetic stimulation of vasoconstriction and parasympathetic stimulation of vasodilation, what effector organ is being affected?
bonus:
the definition of vasoconstriction is [constriction of blood vessels] and vasodilation is [dilation of blood vessels]
then what does it mean in terms of your answer?
salivary glands
bonus:
vasoconstriction - decrease in flow of saliva
vasodilation - salivary fluid secretion
Given the stimulation for the organ lungs:
a. contracts muscles of bronchioles
b. relaxes muscles of bronchioles
Which is sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?
sympathetic - relaxes muscles of bronchioles
parasympathetic - contracts muscles of bronchioles
if the cardiovscular organs are under parasympathetic stimulation, the heart is inhibited and there is a dilation of certain blood vessels
how about under sympathetic stimulation?
accelerates heart and constricts arterioles
Under ______ stimulation, the effect on the adrenal medulla is excitation
sympathetic
*there is no effect on adrenal medulla under parasympathetic stimulation
Given:
parasympathetic stimulation - excites motility, relaxes sphincters
sympathetic stimulation - inhibits motility, constricts sphincters
What is the effector organ under observation?
gastrointestinal tract
Vocabulary:
capable of motion
motile [motility]
Modified True or False:
Under parasympathetic stimulation, the liver is affected via glycogenolysis
bonus: What is glycogenolysis?
False,
under sympathetic stimulation, the liver is affected via glycogenolysis
bonus: the process by which glycogen is converted to glucose
Modified True or False:
The effect of parasympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule is contracted
Bonus: what is a capsule?
False,
Possible answers:
The effect of sympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule is contracted
The effect of parasympathetic stimulation in the spleen is that the capsule relaxes
bonus: the wrapping of the spleen which allows the spleen to significantly increase its size when necessary
Vocabulary:
the wrapping of the spleen which allows the spleen to significantly increase its size when necessary
capsule
The effect of sympathetic stimulation in this organ is sweat secretion and erection of hairs and for parasympathetic stimulation, there is no effect
skin
Given for the effector organ spleen bladder:
a. relaxes
b. contracts
which is under sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic stimulation?
sympathetic - relaxes
parasympathetic - contracts
transducers that convert various forms of energy in the environment [stimuli] into action potential [nerve impulse] in neurons
sensory receptors [receptors]
(sensory) receptors are often assciated with non-neural cells that surrounds it, forming a __________
sense organ
give the forms of energy converted by the receptors and differentiate them from each other
- mechanical - touch pressure
- thermal - degrees of warmth
- electromagnetic - light
- chemical energy - odor, taste, and O2 content of blood
Modified True or False:
receptors in each sense organs can only respond to one particular energy
bonus: What do you call this “particular energy”?
True
bonus: adequate stimulus
the particular form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive or able to evoke an action potential
bonus: what is action potential exactly?
adequate stimulus
bonus: nerve impulse
consists of various sense organs of the body
sensory modalities
enumerate the different sensory modalities
- smell
- vision
- hearing
- rotational and linear acceleration
- taste
- cutaneous senses (monitors touch-pressure, cold, and pain)
- other senses that do not reach the consciousness (affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)
principal sensory modalities
senses that do not reach the consciousness (affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)
network of specialized cells that communicate information about animals and their surroundings
nervous system
What is glia?
specialized cells that aid in the function of the neurons
The two parts of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake
ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus [VMN or VMH] and lateral hypothalamus area [LHA]
also known as the satiety center
ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus [VMN or VMH]
also known as the feeding center
lateral hypothalamus area [LHA]
what will happen if the VMH is damaged?
bonus: What does VMH stand for?
voracious eating; the animal will eat and eat even if their stomach is already full until they die
bonus: ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
What will happen if the LHA is damaged?
bonus: definition of LHA
(loss of appetite) the animal will not eat until they die of starvation
bonus: lateral hypothalamus area
also known as the thermoregulatory center
preoptic area
involvement of nerve cells that release chemical messenger, especially neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream
neuroendocrine system
The golden circle means that the smallest circle that pertains to the innermost central part of the brain answers the question _______, the next circle that is between the smallest and largest circle answers the question _______, and the largest and outermost layer of the brain answers the question ________
bonus: what is the relevance of the golden circle for Prof Vega?
why
how
what
bonus: to be an effective teacher, your teaching should not just be surface level (what), instead it should penetrate the core of the brain, hence the student being able to understand the how and eventually the why
