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Bio Psych 210 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Directional Terminology

A
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2
Q

Superior

A

Inferior

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3
Q

Dorsal (superior)

A

ventral (inferior)

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4
Q

anterior (front)

A

Posterior (back)

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5
Q

medial (middle)

A

lateral (sides)

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6
Q

contralateral (opposite side)

A

ipsilateral (same side)

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7
Q

proximal (close)

A

distal (far)

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8
Q

sagittal (side) vs. coronal (front/back)

A

axial (top)

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9
Q

What is the order of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral
- in the peripheral: somatic and automatic
- in the automatic: sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers that from after 16 days of fertilization?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

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11
Q

What systems are in the endoderm?

A

Digestive and respiratory systems

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12
Q

What systems are in the mesoderm?

A

muscle and connective tissues

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13
Q

what systems are in the ectoderm?

A

skin and nervous system

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14
Q

What part is part of the spinal cord?

A

neural tube

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15
Q

The Central Nervous System

A

spinal cord and brain

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16
Q

What are the parts of the brain? 5

A

brainstem, cerebellum, midbrain, forebrain, and cerebrum

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17
Q

What are the 5 main divisions of the spinal cord?

A
  • 8 cervical nerves (neck, arms, hands)
  • 12 thoracic nerves (upper chest area)
  • 5 lumbar nerves (leg muscles)
  • 5 sacral nerves (bowel, bladder, sexual fuction)
  • 1 coccygeal nerve (“tail bone”)
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18
Q

What is grey matter?

A
  • medial
  • processing
    -composed of cell bodies, dendrites, and interneurons
19
Q

What is white matter?

A

-lateral
-composed of axons
- less processing, more sending

20
Q

What is the organization of the spinal cord?

A

grey matter, white matter, ventral root of the nerve (sends motor information to the muscles), dorsal root of the nerve (receives sensory information from the body)

21
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata do?

A
  • primarily composed of white matter (transmitting)
    -majority of information going to and from higher cortical structures passes through the medulla
    -contains cell bodies responsible for basic behaviors (breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sleep/arousal)
    -damage to the medulla is fatal
22
Q

What does the pons do?

A
  • connects the medulla to higher brains structures
    -“the brain”
  • mostly white matter
  • some input and output crosses to the other side of the brain here
    -contains cell bodies for sleep/arousal
23
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

-“little brain”
- ALL about coordination
~ puts together sequences of movements
-balance
-damage here effects skilled movements
~ may impact speech
- one of the first brain structures impacted by alcohol (think DRUNK person)

24
Q

How many structures does the midbrain have? 2

A

Tegmentum and Tectum

25
Q

What does the Tegmentum do?

A

-contains structures linked to motor functions and reward systems

26
Q

What does the Tectum do?

A

-sensory things
-Superior Colliculi
~vision
-Inferior Colliculi
~ audition (hearing)

27
Q

Whats another name for the diencephalon?

A

the forebrain

28
Q

What does the Thalamus do?

A
  • contains different groups of nuclei (cell bodies)
    -relay station for incoming information (directing the information)
    ~ some send information to specific brains areas
    ~ others send information more diffusely
29
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A
  • controls the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system (hormones)
  • helps maintain homeostasis (temperature regulation)
30
Q

What does the Limbic System do?

A

-sometimes called the fifth lobe
-involved in processing drives, motivation, and emotions
-contains many structures including:
~ hippocampus, fornix, amygdala, cingulate, cortex (sometimes hypothalamus)

31
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia?

A
  • three main structures:
    ~ caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and involved in the motor system
32
Q

What is phrenology?

A
  • created by Franz Joseph Gall
    -proposed the idea that the brain is composed of distinct faculties in distinct areas
  • KEY: different areas of the brain do different things
    -WRONG: brain was a muscle and specific traits they tried to localize were wrong
33
Q

The Cerebrum ~ cortex

A
  • two hemispheres
  • six lobes
34
Q

What are the four main lobes in the cerebrum?

A

Frontal: motor and higher order functions
Parietal: somatosensory ~ touch
Temporal: auditory
Occipital: visual ~ vision
Limbic
Insular

35
Q

How main types of cortex do we have?

A

2 - primary and non-primary cortex

36
Q

What does the primary cortex do?

A

-receives input directly from sensory areas
-only receives information from one type of sense

37
Q

What does the non-primary cortex do?

A

-receives information from other cortical areas
- can be from only one sense (unimodal)
- can be from multiple senses (multimodal)

38
Q

How many layers does the cortex have?

A

6

39
Q

What does Layer IV do?

A

main input layer

40
Q

what does layer II and III do?

A

Layer II, III: cortico-cortical output layers
II: ipsi
III: contra

41
Q

what does layer V and VI do?

A

Layer V. VI: descending output layers
V: basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord
VI: thalamus/claustrum

42
Q

laminar organization

A
  • the 6 layers led to the development of cytoarchitecture which are Brodmann areas - mapped out different areas of the brain
43
Q

What is hierarchical organization?

A
  • processing proceeds in stages with each stage building on the computations carried out in the earlier stage
    -example on V1,V2, V3
44
Q

What is parallel organization?

A
  • processing occurs in two ways at the same time (but separately)

Bio Psych 210 (9 decks)

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