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Bio Psych 210 > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A
  • administration/absorption ~ how the drug gets into the blood
  • distribution ~ how the drug gets to the brain
  • metabolism ~ how the drug gets broken down - enzymes
  • elimination ~ how the drug leaves the body
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2
Q

What are the 5 methods of drug administration?

A
  • Injection ~vein, muscle, skin
  • Inhalation
  • Mucus membrane absorption ~ snorting
  • Ingestion
  • Transdermal ~ through your skin
  • from fastest to slowest (mostly)
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3
Q

What happens along with speed?

A
  • the fastest techniques get the most of the drug to the brain but has less filtration
  • fastest techniques are frequently the shortest lasting techniques
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4
Q

What are the 5 ways a drug messes with synaptic communication?

A
  • neurotransmitter synthesis
  • neurotransmitter storage
  • neurotransmitter release
  • binding of the neurotransmitter
  • reuptake/breakdown of the neurotransmitter
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5
Q

What happens to the brain mechanisms/circuits?

A
  • dopaminergic circuits
  • mesolimbic “reward” system
    ~ nucleus accumbens (linked to serotonin)
    ~ ventral tegmental area (VTA) (linked to serotonin too)
    ~ locus coeruleus, amygdala, hippocampus, insula all linked as well
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6
Q

What is addiction?

A
  • continued compulsive use of drugs despite adverse health or social consequences
    ~ multiple lead to addiction
  • mental side
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7
Q

What is dependence?

A
  • physical need for the substance
  • biological changes lead to dependence
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8
Q

What is tolerance?

A
  • the body became more efficient at metabolizing the drug
  • the cells may change their structure to become more resistant to the effect of the drug
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9
Q

What are withdrawals?

A
  • when the body expects the drug to come, but the drug does not come
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10
Q

What neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

A
  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
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11
Q

What neurotransmitters are indoleamines?

A
  • serotonin
  • melatonin
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12
Q

What are the other neurotransmitter families?

A

cholinergic ~ Ach
- Glutamate/GABA
- ATP
-Endorphins, Enkephalins, Substance P

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13
Q

What does Catecholamines do?

A
  • the NTs come from the same starting material
  • Tyrosine -> L-DOPA –> Dopamine–> Norepinephrine
    –>Epinephrine
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14
Q

What does Dopamine do?

A
  • a few different circuits
    ~ higher level functions like Learning and Memory
  • Pleasure ~ addiction
  • movement systems
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15
Q

What does norepinephrine and epinephrine do?

A
  • both activate the sympathetic nervous system
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16
Q

What does epinephrine do?

A
  • Epinephrine gives a shorter, more immediate, physical increase in energy
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17
Q

What does norepinephrine do?

A
  • norepinephrine gives a milder, longer lasting increase
    ~ both physical and mental
    ~ attention, focus, and confidence
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18
Q

What is the cycle of Indoleamines?

A
  • Tryptophan –> 5HTP –> Serotonin –> Melatonin
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19
Q

What does Serotonin do?

A
  • think depression
  • spread throughout the brain (not clustered like other NTs)
  • sleep, mood, appetite
20
Q

What does Melatonin do?

A
  • sleep
  • hormone from the pineal gland
21
Q

What does Cholinergic do?

A
  • use Acetylcholine as their NT
  • found at the neuromuscular junctions ~ movement
  • possibly involved in learning and memory
    ~ linked to Alzheimer’s Disease
22
Q

What does Glutamate do?

A
  • most common excitatory NT in the CNS
  • linked to many many functions
23
Q

What does GABA do?

A
  • most common inhibitory NT in the CNS
  • linked to many many functions
24
Q

What does ATP do?

A
  • pain perception
  • autonomic nervous system
    ~ bladder, heart, gut, vas deferens
  • by products are also NTs
    ~ ADP, AMP, Adenosine
25
Q

What are the other NTs and what do they do?

A
  • Endorphins, Enkephalins, Substance P(pain)
26
Q

What does an agonists do?

A
  • they INCREASE the effect of the NT
27
Q

what does an antagonist do?

A
  • they DECREASE the effect of the NT
28
Q

If the NT is INHIBITORY, what does it do?

A
  • agonist lead to MORE inhibition
  • antagonist lead to LESS inhibition
29
Q

If the NT is EXCITATORY, what does it do?

A
  • agonist lead to MORE excitation
  • antagonist lead to LESS excitation
30
Q

What are the 3 reasons people use drugs?

A
  • Medical: useful for nausea, pain, anxiety, among other things
  • Recreational: used to relax, get “high”
  • Ritual: connect with spiritual forces
31
Q

What stimulants are mainly out there?

A
  • cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, caffeine
32
Q

What depressants are mainly out there?

A
  • alcohol, heroin, fentanyl, opioids
33
Q

What hallucinogens are maninly out there?

A
  • marijuana, ecstasy
34
Q

What areas does cocaine and methamphetamine effect?

A
  • primary on catacholamines
  • Dopamine: highly addictive and psychosis
  • Norepinephrine and Epinephrine: physically stimulating (physical and mental)
  • also impacts serotonin and acetylcholine system
35
Q

What is the long term affect of coke and meth on dopamine?

A
  • to much dopamine: paranoia and anhedonia (lack of pleasure)
36
Q

What is the long term affect of coke and meth on serotonin?

A
  • to much serotonin: insomnia, depression (sleep and mood problems)
37
Q

What is the long term affect of coke and meth on norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A
  • to much: exhaustion, lethargy, and low blood pressure
38
Q

What is the long term affect of coke and meth on acetylcholine?

A
  • to much: tremors, memory lapses, confusion
  • links to memory and movement
39
Q

What does Nicotine do?

A
  • primarily acts on dopamine and acetylcholine receptors
  • Dopamine: highly addictive
  • Acetylcholine: reaction time - short term increase, long term decrease
  • tremors long term
40
Q

What does caffeine do?

A
  • primary acts on adenosine receptors
  • helps with pain
  • mildly stimulates catecholamines: energy and focus ; mildly addictive
41
Q

What does alcohol do?

A
  • primarily acts as a GABA agonist ~ less brain activity
    ~ slows down brain processes generally
  • Dopamine: addictive (heavily addictive)
  • Serotonin: elevates it temporarily, then depletes
    ~ pleasure followed by depression
42
Q

What else does alcohol affect?

A
  • norepinephrine: confidence
  • endorphins: reduces pain
  • glutamate: memory issues
43
Q

What does opioids do?

A
  • work on mu, kappa, and sigma opioid receptors
    ~ same place endorphins, enkephalins, and Substance P work
    ~ also found in the GI tract: leads to long term constipation
  • biological changes easily lead to dependence, which can lead to addiction
44
Q

What other opioids are included?

A
  • heroin, oxycontin, vicodin, fentanyl
45
Q

What does Marijuana do?

A
  • act on the receptors for Anandamide and 2 AG called cannabinoid receptors
  • mostly found in the frontal lobe, cerebellum, limbic system
  • not many in the brainstem ~ probably why physical overdose is rare
46
Q

Why does MJ lead to the “munchies”?

A
  • stimulates the hypothalamus and triggers hunger
47
Q

What does Ecstasy do?

A
  • primarily impacts catecholamines and serotonin
  • Dopamine: addictive
  • Norepinephrine and Epinephrine: increased heart rate, blood pressure
  • Serotonin: happy mood, increased appetite, less sleep
  • also increased oxytocin levels which increases empathy

Bio Psych 210 (9 decks)

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