The Neoplastic Phenotype

Question 1

what is a neoplasm?

Answer 1

abnormal and excessive growth of tissue

Question 2

what is neoplastic?

Answer 2

the adjectival form

Question 3

what is the scientific definition of neoplasm?

Answer 3

An abnormal mass of cells arising from a
growth disorder characterised by genetic
alterations that lead to loss of the normal
control mechanisms that regulate cell
growth, metabolism, morphogenesis and
differentiation

Question 4

what are the constituents of neoplasms?

Answer 4

1. neoplastic cells- tumour cells (transfoemd cells)
2. stromal cells- connective tissue that suport tumour cell growth

lmphoid cells an dother leucocytes reacte to presence of tumour

Question 5

how are neoplasms classified?

Answer 5

tumour type and site of origin

Question 6

what are the types of neoplasms?

Answer 6

carcinoma
sarcoma
myeloma
leukaemia
lymphoma

Question 7

what is the difference in microscopic appearance between benign tumour and malignant tumour ?

Answer 7

A benign tumour has distinct, smooth, regular borders. A malignant tumour has irregular borders and grows faster than a benign tumour

Question 8

what are characteristics of benign neoplasms?

Answer 8

circumcised growth
smooth boundary
well-differentiated
slow growth
may be multiple
never invade normal tissue
never metastasis
stalk

Question 9

what are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms?

Answer 9

ill defined growth
irregular boundary with normal tissues
differentiation varies
rate of growth varies
local invasion and tissue destruction
metastasis

Question 10

what indeterminate neoplasms?

Answer 10

neoplasms that have pathological features which are not conclusive.

await events to be sue f the nature

Question 11

what are the harmful effects in benign cancer?

Answer 11

ulceration , haemorrhage, obstruction, rupture,infarction,torsion

metabolic or hormonal effects

immunological effects

Question 12

what are the harmful effects in malignant cancer?

Answer 12

ulceration , haemorrhage, obstruction, rupture,infarction,torsion

metabolic or hormonal effects

immunological effects

metastasis

invasion of tissue and destruction

Question 13

what are the phases of oncogenesis?

Answer 13

initiation (transformation)
progression
development of sub clones

Question 14

what is adenoma?

Answer 14

Adenoma is a type of non-cancerous tumour or benign that may affect various organs

Question 15

what is dysplasia?

Answer 15

A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.

Question 16

what are the characteristics of dysplasia?

Answer 16

precursor neoplastic changes of epithelial
abnormalities of epithelial

Question 17

what are the characteristics of dysplasia?

(architectural)

Answer 17

disordered arrangement
loss of polarity
disordered/ absent mutation
abnormally placed mitoses

Question 18

what are the characteristics of dysplasia?

(cytology)

Answer 18

• Whole cell
  – ↑ Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
  – ↑ Variation
• Nucleus
  – Abnormal outline and structure
  – ↑ Staining
  – ↑ Variation of nuclear size
  – ↑ Mitoses (often abnormal)
• Cytoplasm
  – Abnormal maturation

Question 19

what are tumour stroma?

Answer 19

connective tissue produced locally in response to the presence of a neoplasm

Question 20

what are the components of tumour stroma?

Answer 20

fibroblasts , fibres,matrix components, blood vessels, leukocytes

Question 21

what do tumour stroma do?

Answer 21

Supports growth of neoplastic cells
– Blood vascular supply
* Interacts with the neoplastic cells –
‘dynamic reciprocity’
– Two-way process
* May have positive (stimulatory) or negative
(inhibitory) effects

Question 22

what types pf neoplasms don’t metastasise?

Answer 22

Basal cell carcinoma of the skin and CNS gliomas tend
not to metastasise

Question 23

what is metastasis?

Answer 23

Establishment of new (secondary) tumours at
sites distant from their origin (primary
neoplasm)

Question 24

what are the pathways pf metastasis?

Answer 24

Pathways of metastasis
– Lymphatic vessels
– Blood vessels
– Body cavities and surfaces
– Direct implantation

Question 25

what is he metastatic cascade?

Answer 25

Starts with primary malignant neoplasm

1. Neoplastic cells invade extracellular matrix
2. Cellular separation
3. Invasion of blood and / or lymphatic vessels
4. Circulatory phase – distribution of cells
5. Neoplastic cells arrest at distant site
6. Extravasation of neoplastic cells
7. Survival and growth at secondary site

Ends with metastatic (secondary) malignant
neoplasm

Question 26

what are the distribution of metastasis in carcinomas?

Answer 26

– Lymphatic spread to local lymph nodes
– Blood-borne spread to distant organs (liver; lungs;
bone marrow

Question 27

what are the distribution of metastasis in Sarcomas?

Answer 27

– Blood-borne spread to distant organs

Question 28

what are the distribution of metastasis in leukaemia/lymphomas

Answer 28

Usually disseminated by bloodstream from start

Question 29

how do neoplasms affect the immune system?

Answer 29

new antigns on the cell surface

ingibit function of the immune system