The Neoplastic Phenotype Flashcards
what is a neoplasm?
abnormal and excessive growth of tissue
what is neoplastic?
the adjectival form
what is the scientific definition of neoplasm?
An abnormal mass of cells arising from a
growth disorder characterised by genetic
alterations that lead to loss of the normal
control mechanisms that regulate cell
growth, metabolism, morphogenesis and
differentiation
what are the constituents of neoplasms?
- neoplastic cells- tumour cells (transfoemd cells)
- stromal cells- connective tissue that suport tumour cell growth
lmphoid cells an dother leucocytes reacte to presence of tumour
how are neoplasms classified?
tumour type and site of origin
what are the types of neoplasms?
carcinoma
sarcoma
myeloma
leukaemia
lymphoma
what is the difference in microscopic appearance between benign tumour and malignant tumour ?
A benign tumour has distinct, smooth, regular borders. A malignant tumour has irregular borders and grows faster than a benign tumour
what are characteristics of benign neoplasms?
circumcised growth
smooth boundary
well-differentiated
slow growth
may be multiple
never invade normal tissue
never metastasis
stalk
what are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms?
ill defined growth
irregular boundary with normal tissues
differentiation varies
rate of growth varies
local invasion and tissue destruction
metastasis
what indeterminate neoplasms?
neoplasms that have pathological features which are not conclusive.
await events to be sue f the nature
what are the harmful effects in benign cancer?
ulceration , haemorrhage, obstruction, rupture,infarction,torsion
metabolic or hormonal effects
immunological effects
what are the harmful effects in malignant cancer?
ulceration , haemorrhage, obstruction, rupture,infarction,torsion
metabolic or hormonal effects
immunological effects
metastasis
invasion of tissue and destruction
what are the phases of oncogenesis?
initiation (transformation)
progression
development of sub clones
what is adenoma?
Adenoma is a type of non-cancerous tumour or benign that may affect various organs
what is dysplasia?
A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer.
what are the characteristics of dysplasia?
precursor neoplastic changes of epithelial
abnormalities of epithelial
what are the characteristics of dysplasia?
(architectural)
disordered arrangement
loss of polarity
disordered/ absent mutation
abnormally placed mitoses
what are the characteristics of dysplasia?
(cytology)
- Whole cell
– ↑ Nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
– ↑ Variation - Nucleus
– Abnormal outline and structure
– ↑ Staining
– ↑ Variation of nuclear size
– ↑ Mitoses (often abnormal) - Cytoplasm
– Abnormal maturation
what are tumour stroma?
connective tissue produced locally in response to the presence of a neoplasm
what are the components of tumour stroma?
fibroblasts , fibres,matrix components, blood vessels, leukocytes
what do tumour stroma do?
Supports growth of neoplastic cells
– Blood vascular supply
* Interacts with the neoplastic cells –
‘dynamic reciprocity’
– Two-way process
* May have positive (stimulatory) or negative
(inhibitory) effects
what types pf neoplasms don’t metastasise?
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin and CNS gliomas tend
not to metastasise
what is metastasis?
Establishment of new (secondary) tumours at
sites distant from their origin (primary
neoplasm)
what are the pathways pf metastasis?
Pathways of metastasis
– Lymphatic vessels
– Blood vessels
– Body cavities and surfaces
– Direct implantation
what is he metastatic cascade?
Starts with primary malignant neoplasm
- Neoplastic cells invade extracellular matrix
- Cellular separation
- Invasion of blood and / or lymphatic vessels
- Circulatory phase – distribution of cells
- Neoplastic cells arrest at distant site
- Extravasation of neoplastic cells
- Survival and growth at secondary site
Ends with metastatic (secondary) malignant
neoplasm
what are the distribution of metastasis in carcinomas?
– Lymphatic spread to local lymph nodes
– Blood-borne spread to distant organs (liver; lungs;
bone marrow
what are the distribution of metastasis in Sarcomas?
– Blood-borne spread to distant organs
what are the distribution of metastasis in leukaemia/lymphomas
Usually disseminated by bloodstream from start
how do neoplasms affect the immune system?
new antigns on the cell surface
ingibit function of the immune system
