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CANCER BIOLOGY > CELL CYLE > Flashcards

CELL CYLE Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the control proteins?

A

Cyclin dependant kinases (CDK) + cyclins

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the control system?

A

ensures the cell cycle occurs in the right order

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3
Q

what affects the checkpoints of the cell cycle?

A

cyclin/CDK levels due to CDK ability to phosphorylate protein

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4
Q

whar are cyclin dependant kinases?

A

protein kinases that are characterized by needing a cyclin sub unit bound for enzyme activity, its important in cell division and transcription

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5
Q

what are proline- directed serine/threonine kinases?

A

A subclass of protein serine-threonine kinases that phosphorylate proteins on a SERINE or THREONINE residue that is immediately preceding a PROLINE residue.

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6
Q

why is kinase dependent on cyclin?

A

it has a low activity so its needs a cyclin binding partner which leads to a confirmational change

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7
Q

can cdk be phosphorylated alone?

A

yes and this can be ingibitory or activate kinase

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8
Q

where CDK mostly active?

A

in the nucleus

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9
Q

what can expression be induced by?

A

growth factors , multiple signalling athways through control of CDK4 nd CDK6

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10
Q

What is the G0 in the cell cyle?

A

G0 is when the cell steps out of the cell cycle in G0 it has normal cellular behaviour but is not ready to divide

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11
Q

what drives cyclin expression?

A

oncogene activation

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12
Q

what drives the cell through different phases of cell cycle?

A

programmed phosporylation

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13
Q

what causes positive phosphorylation?(activity)

A

phosphorylation at the C terminus threonine by CAK

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14
Q

what causes negative phosphorylation (inhibtion) and what removes it?

A

phosphorylation at the N terminus threonine and tyrosine CDC25 phosphotases removes inhibitory phosphates

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15
Q

what happens in G1 to S phase progression?

A

D1,2,3 cyclins +CDK4,6 commit cell to DNA replication and mitotic division

cycliN E + CDK2 is a critical initiator of DNA resplication when the chromosome unwinding

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16
Q

G1-S progression

A

phosphorylation of RB stimulates E2F
Accumulation of FOXM1

17
Q

G1-S progression(DNA replication)

A

hyperphosphorylation of RB
centresome duplication
induction of histoire synthesis
phosphorylation of replication facters

18
Q

describe the G1-M process

A

nuclear envelope breakdown , mitotic condensation and spindle assembly

19
Q

whta happens during S/G2 phase

A

cyclin A(A1.A\0 + CDK2, phosphorylate DP1 inactivationg it

20
Q

what happens during M phase?

A

cyclin B(B1/B2) + CDK1(aka CDC2)
directs nearly all proccess during mitosis including chromsome condensation and segregation, promtoes assembley of mitotic spindle and degradation of cyclin B essential for exit of M phase.

21
Q

what ends s phase?

A

phosphorylation of DP1

22
Q

what initiates m phase?

A

CDK1

23
Q

how is m phase mediated?

A

CHK and WEE1 mediate dna replication and M phase frim CDK1 activity

24
Q

apart from cyclin what else can activate CDK’s

A

Karposi sarcoma virus which inactivates pRB inhibiting cell cycle profression

25
Q

what cyclin/CDK alterations affect cancer? (CYCLIN D1)

A

amplification of cyclin D1 causes breast carcinomas and leukamias

hyperactivity of promter due to mitogenic pathways causes diverse tumours

reduced degradatiob due to depressed activity of GSK3

26
Q

what cyclin/CDK alterations affect cancer? (CYCLIN E & CDK4 )

A

cyclin E overexpression causes breast carcinoma and defective degradation due to loss of hCDC4 causes breast ,endometrial and ovarian carcinomas

structural mutation of CDK4 causes melanoma
amplification of CDK4 causes several types of cancer

27
Q

what do CDK inhibitors do?

A

checkpoints are not passed inappropriately

28
Q

what are the CDKI and what do they inhibit?

A

INK4 proteins - nhibitors of CDK4)
- inhibit CDK4/6

Cip/Kip proteins - inhibit all other cyclin-CDK complexes

29
Q

what is TGFb?

A

TGFb is growth inhibitory by inducing p15INK4B

30
Q

what inhibits CKI’s?

A

Mitogens

CANCER BIOLOGY (12 decks)

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