the neonate

Question 1

how long is stage 1 labour for ewe

Answer 1

2-12 hrs

Question 2

how long is stage 1 labor for doe

Answer 2

2-12hrs

same as ewe

Question 3

how long is stage 1 of labor for cow last

Answer 3

2-6hrs

Question 4

decribe stage 1 of gestation

Answer 4

Separate from the group
• Restless
• NesMng
• vocalization

Fetus toward exit

uterine tissue pushed back

cervix dilating

fergusson reflex

fetus rotates in2 sternal recumbency with hea ,neck and the forelimbs extended

Question 5

describe stage 2 of labour

Answer 5

• starts with the rupture of the allantochorion
• hard labor-straining
• progress important
• presentation of the fetus helps
• lateral recumbency
• end with delivery of neonate

Question 6

how long does stage 2 last for ewe and dow

Answer 6

1-2 hrs

Question 7

how long is stage 2 for labor in cow

Answer 7

1-2 hrs

shorter in older cows

recognise that its also 1-2 hrs in goats n sheeps

Question 8

how long is stage 3 in goats and sheep

Answer 8

< 6 hrs

Question 9

long is stage 3 of labor in cow

Answer 9

<8 hrs

retained if its more than 12 hrs in ruminants

Question 10

t happens in stage 3 of labor

Answer 10

• cotyledons detarch
• uterine contractions expel plasma in its entirety
• involution 28 days in sr
• involution 40-60 days in cow

Question 11

when does involution occur in sr and in cow

Answer 11

sr= 28 days

cow=40-60 days

Question 12

for how long does locjia last in sr and in cow

Answer 12

sr= 3 wks

cows=12-15 days

Question 13

ould the calf have a suckle reflex

Answer 13

5 mins

Question 14

when should the calf be in sternal reflex

Answer 14

5 mins

Question 15

after how long should the calf attempt to stand

Answer 15

15 mins

Question 16

ng should a calf be standing

Answer 16

1 hr

Question 17

by what time should a calf be nursing

Answer 17

<2 hrs

Question 18

before long should the calf had colostrum

Answer 18

4 hrs

Question 19

when assessing a new calf,what should be its rr,hr and temp

Answer 19

temp=101.5-103

hr=100-150

rr=50-70

mm should be pink with normal crt

Question 20

WHich component of the colostrum is destryed when it is frozen

Answer 20

leukocytes

Question 21

which component of the colostrum is depreses wbc fxn

Answer 21

cortisol due to stress at birth

Question 22

expalin the effect of cold stress on fxn of colostrum

Answer 22

• Depresses neutrophil chemotaxis
• VasoconstricMon decreases delivery to

periphery

Question 23

which mineral n vit def depress phagocyte fxn

Answer 23

zn,

cu

se

vit e

Question 24

immunoglobin conc. in colostrum and how long it lasts

Answer 24

20-110g/l of igG

declines after 9 hrs

not dilution

Question 25

ways to measure colostrum immunoglobulin

Answer 25

* visual/colostrometer * cow side immunoassay kits * brix refractometer (22% is 50g/l) * anything less is bad

Question 26

discuss some feeding protocols for colostrum

Answer 26

* 50 kg calf \*7.5/100= 3.75L * 150g of igG colostrum in first 4 hrs * second feed at 12 hrs old * 5- 7.5%body wt * more than 2l but less than 4 l in the 1st 4 hrs before 4 hrs * if u feed more than 4l u slow gastric motility * feed more frequently

Question 27

ways and mechanisms of feeding colostrum

Answer 27

* esophageal groove closure * u dnt want colostrum to go in2 rumen * teat is the best way to feed colostrum * u canaslo use nipple/bottle feeder * salivation improves gastric motility n trigger esophageal groove to close

Question 28

test to do to test if colostrum has been taken/enough/adequate

Answer 28

1. zink sulphate turbidity test 2. radioimmune assay 1. it takes a long time. just good to ensure that the calf indeed took colostrum in retrospective way 3. TP on refractometer 1. very useful in ruminants bt nt foals 2. if u hav a sick neonate, u may have less protein because it is utilizing it from colostrum. 1. it is quick and easy

Question 29

TP CONC. FOR HEALTHY AND ILL NEONATES

Answer 29

* ILL=TP\>5.5g/dl * HEALTHY=TP\>5.2G/DL

Question 30

DESIRABLE TP IN GOATS

Answer 30

1600MG/DL AND 5.3G/L TP IN GOAT KIDS

Question 31

AMOUNT OF TP THAT SHOWS FAILURE OF COLOSTRUM INTAKE IN GOATS

Answer 31

\<600MG/DL

Question 32

HOW DOES MEANSURE OF GGT HELPS IN MEASURING COLOSTRUM INTAKE

Answer 32

GGT COMES FROM THE LIVER IN THE BILE DUCTS. GGT IS IN EVERY DUCT IN THE BODY EG TEAR DUCT, MAMMARY GLANDS IF ITS HIGH THEN U KNOW THE CALF HAS DRUNK MILK FROM THE MOM

Question 33

COMMON CONSEQUENCES OF DZ IN NEONATAL RUMINANTS

Answer 33

SepTIcEemia till proven otherwise • Pneumonia • Diarrhea • Joints !

Question 34

common causes of mortality in the first week of lyf

Answer 34

* fetal infection ate gestation * still birth * congenital * trauma * weak calves due to low vit e and se * **hypothemia n hypoglycemia** * _sepsis_ * _scours_ * _naval related infections_ * _pneumonia_

Question 35

what bsc is this

Answer 35

1

Question 36

bsc for this goat

Answer 36

2

Question 37

bsc?

Answer 37

Question 38

bsc?

Answer 38

Question 39

bsc?

Answer 39

Question 40

bsc

Answer 40

1

Question 41

bsc?

Answer 41

2

Question 42

bsc

Answer 42

3

Question 43

bsc

Answer 43

4

Question 44

age this animal

Answer 44

lamb

Question 45

age this animal

Answer 45

1 yr

Question 46

age this animal

Answer 46

2 yrs

Question 47

age ths animal

Answer 47

3 yrs

Question 48

age this animal

Answer 48

4 yrs

Question 49

things that depress magnessium absoption in spring

Answer 49

high k and nitrogen in forage stress fat mobilization

Question 50

things that depress magnessium absoption in winter

Answer 50

poor pasture low in magnesium

Question 51

when do we see hypomagnesium-grss tetany

Answer 51

2-4 wks after lambing(twins)

Question 52

cs of hypomagnesium

Answer 52

excitable, paddling and convulsions with clonic tonic mm. spasms tachypnea may sulvate profusely

Question 53

mild cs of hypocalcemi

Answer 53

* stiff gait, * tetany * tremors decreased rumen motility * ataxia * plr and corneal reflex wnl

Question 54

moderate cs of hypocalcemia

Answer 54

* Tachycardia, * tachypnea, * regurgitation, * bloat, * depression, * **depressed corneal and pupillary light relexes**

Question 55

severe cs of hypocalcemia

Answer 55

Opisthotonos and no corneal or pupillary light reflex

Question 56

factors that complicate hypoca

Answer 56

* Especially compounded with stress and disease * Sheep succumb to hypocalcaemia 6 – 10 weeks after parturition * Complicated by hypophosphatemia and hyper- or hypo-magnesemia

Question 57

when do sheeps compound to hypoca

Answer 57

Sheep succumb to hypocalcaemia 6 – 10 weeks after parturition

Question 58

when do hypoca occur in goats

Answer 58

* A problem in dairy goats * Can also be in meat goats and ewes * Just after parturition and sometimes just before * Greatest calcium demand 3 – 4 weeks before partus with \>1 fetus

Question 59

when do you see peak lactation in goats

Answer 59

Peak lactation at 2 – 3 weeks post parturition

Question 60

when do u get to see decline in goat milk

Answer 60

Drops off by 8 – 10 weeks after parturition –Dairy goats maintain production –At peak production feed consumption is the limiting factor (impossible to consume enough energy)

Question 61

goat presents with listlessness and distinct acetone smell to breath what should u be worried for

Answer 61

preg. toxemia Characterized by a progressive ketonemia secondary to accelerated fat catabolism

Question 62

Hypocalcemia – pathophysiology

Answer 62

1. High intake of calcium/phosphorus and other cations 2. Decreased production of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D 3. Depressed absorption and mobilization of calcium from GIT and bones

Question 63

dx for hypomagnesia

Answer 63

Serum magnesium \< 1.5mg/dL may indicate disease –Serum magnesium \<1mg/dL is diagnostic –Can take magnesium levels in CSF, urine, eye post-mortem

Question 64

Hypomagnesemia – Treatment

Answer 64

IV calcium borogluconate (20 – 25%) and magnesium (4 -5%) ~ 50ml –Oral cal-mag gel or subcutaneous cal-mag to prevent relapse

Question 65

Urolithiasis - Predisposing factors

Answer 65

* High concentrate - low roughage diet * Low calcium to phosphorus ratio * High magnesium diets * Alkaline urine * Consumption of oxalate containing plants * Decreased formation of saliva * Dehydration / decreased water consumption

Question 66

WHAT SO SPECIAL ABOUT GOAT MILK

Answer 66

* Naturally homogenized * Milk fat globulins of goats are very small * Milk fat globulins lack agglutinin (causes fat/cream to rise to the top) * Lower alpha-S1 Casein * More easily digested by humans * Not truly hypoallergenic * More protein and milk solids = more cheese produced per litre of milk

Question 67

What other factors influence the CMT results in goats?

Answer 67

* HOW CONC. THE MILK IS * IF U HAVE colostrum, U GONNA HAVE MORE SOMATIC CELLS * IF U HAVE A EHYDRATED ANIMAL, IT IS GONNA BE CREATING A MORE CONC. MILK

Question 68

After which value is the CMT suggestive of disease in goats?

Answer 68

higher than cow

Question 69

HOW DOES CMT WORKS

Answer 69

CHECKS OUT WHAT THE SCC IS

Question 70

list the things that causes increase in scc

Answer 70

* Apocrine milk secretion leads to increased SCC * OPP and CAE can also lead to increased SCC * _Goats milk content:_ * Neutrophils are the major cell type * Legal limit of bulk tank SCC (BTSCC) = 1million c/ml –Most herds over limit

Question 71

which cell type is the main 1 in sheep scc

Answer 71

* Macrophages are the major cell type –Legal limit BTSCC \> 750000c/ml (similar to cows) –SCC lowest in second month of lactation, concurrent with peak lactation

Question 72

most common cause of mastitis

Answer 72

* Staphylococcus aureus –Primarily subclinical * Mycoplasma –Contagious agalactia –Arthritis –Conjunctivitis –Pneumonia –\*\* treatment ?? Cure or carrier?? –\*\*test before entry to herd