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food animal > INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

INTRO TO PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR AN ADULT HORSE

A

T=99101.2F

P= 24-44

8-15

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2
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A FOAL

A

T=99-102

HR=50-70

RR=20-40

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3
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A SHEEP

A

T=101.5-103.5

P=70-110

RR=12-72

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4
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A LAMB

A

T=102.5-104F

HR=120-160

RR=30-70

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5
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A GOAT

A

T=101.5

HR=70-110

RR=15-40

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6
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A KID

A

T=102-104

HR=120-160

RR40-65

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7
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A COW

A

T=100.5-102.5F

HR=40-80

RR12-36

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8
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A CALF

A

T=101.5-103

HR=100-140

RR=30-60

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9
Q

NORMAL TEMP, HR AND RR FOR A PIG

A

T=101-103

HR=60-80

RR=20-30

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10
Q

IMMUNITY THAT SETS IN DUE TO CHRONIC INFECTION

A

PREMUNITION

KNOWN AS INFECTION IMMUNITY

USUALLY DUE TO SUBCLINICAL INFECTION

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11
Q

POPULATION OF WORMS NT SELECTED FOR DRUG TX

A

refugia

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12
Q

Arrested worm development

A

hypobiosis and overwintering

eg ostertagia

parasites decides not to hatch

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13
Q

a pasture which is better than contaminated but not on the same level as safe pasture

A

clean pasture

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14
Q

a pasture that is good for struggling animals which u dnt want to come into contact with parasites

A

safe pasture

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15
Q

escribe how parasites survive

A
  • Survival from one season toanother
  • Adult in host
  • Arrested larvae in host
  • As free living stages in the environment (Ascarid and Trichuris spp. Have tough eggs)
  • Within intermediate hosts

– Only
a
few
needed
to
survive
to
start
it
up
again
200EPG
x
2kg
x
7
defoca)ons
/
day
=
2.8
mil/EPD

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16
Q

which worms have tough eggs and can survive as free living in the env.

A
  • ascarid
  • trichuris
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17
Q

the worms that u dnt find in cold places

A

hemonchus

only in hot places

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18
Q

this worm has l3 in egg

A

trichostrongylus

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19
Q

MAIN WORMS IN SMALL RUMINANTS

A

HEMONCUS

TRICHOSTRONGYI

COOPERIA CURTICEI

OSOPHAGOSTUMUM

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20
Q

OTHER IMPORTANT GI PARASISITES FOR SR

A

Nematodirus
– Trichuris
– Bunostumum
– Strongyloides
Papilosm
.

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21
Q

DESCRIBE THE LFECYCLE OF HEMONCHUS N WHERE IT IS FOUND IN THE GI

A

Abomasum or
small intes)ne
• Hemonchous contortous
• Hatch on pasture within 5 days

in hot months
• Climb vegeta)on
• Exsheath and lay eggs in 14days
• High fecundity = contamina)on =dirty pasture
• H.contortus and Teladorsagia can undergohypob osis
• Economically important
• Extract 1/10th of blood volume per day

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22
Q

PARASITES WHICH CAN UNDERGO HYPERBIOSIS

A

HEMONCUS AND TELADORSAGIA

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23
Q

THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD EXTRACTED BY HEMONCHUS PER DAY

A

Extract 1/10th of blood
volume
per
day

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24
Q

HOW LONG DOES HEMONCHUS N TRICHOSTRONGYLUS CONTAMINATE THE PASTURE IN HOT MNTHS

A

9 MNTH

PREG. PERIOD LOL

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25
Q

WHICH PARASITES HAV L3

A

TRICHOSTRONGYI

NEMATODIRUS

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26
Q

THIS PARASITES HAVE A CYCLE OF 21 DAYS

A

OSTERTAGIA AND

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS

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27
Q

2 PARASITES PREFER COOL CLIMATES

A

TELADORSARGIA

TRICHOSTRONGYLUS

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28
Q

WHICH PARASITE MAY BE TRANSMITED IN MILK

A

STRONGYLOIDES

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29
Q

CS OF PARASITE INFECTION

A

ANEMIA

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

ANOREXIA

EOSINOPHILIA

DECREASED APPETITE

LETHARGY

POOR PRODUCTION

WOOL BREAK

DIARRHOEA

COLLAPSE

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30
Q

WHAT % OF HERD IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MAJORITY OF PASTURE CONTAMINATION

A

20-30%

31
Q

— % OF GOATS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR LESS THAN 1000 EPG

A

66%

32
Q

— % OF GOATS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE THAN 1000 EPG

A

33%

ITS 1000 TO 20 000

33
Q

ADVANTAGES OF FEC AND FAMACHA ON HEMONCHUS

A
  • FEC CORRELATES WELL WITH SEASONAL AND GEOGRAPHIC PREVALENCE
  • FEC AND FAMACHA CHART CORRELATE WELL WITH THIS CHART
34
Q

HOW MUCH H. CONCORTUS IS SIGNIFICANT

A

MORE THAN 3000 EPG

RARELY SEE CS BEFORE > 5000 EPG

35
Q

WITH THIS PARASITES U CAN SEE CS AS LOW AS 300 EPG

A

AS LOW AS 300TELADORSAGIA

36
Q

HOW KMUCH EPG DOES TRICHOSTRONGYI BECOME SIGN.

A

>2000 EPG

37
Q

IN WHICH PARASITE IS FEC RELIABLE

A

HEMONCHUS

NT TRICHOSTRONGYI OR TELADORAGIA

38
Q

WHEN CAN U SAY FEC REDUCTION TEST IS SUCCESSFUL

A

IF > 905 REDUCTION IS DONE

39
Q

BEST IMES TO DEWORM IN SR

A
  • TX IN THE PARIPARTUENT PERIOD
    • 2 WKS PRE TO 8 WKS POST
    • NUTRIENT PARTITINING-mother will donate 4-8 mg/kg/min of dextrose to neonate in utero
    • PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT 6 WKS PRIOR
  • TX IN WEANING PERIOD
    • STRESS
    • PRECONDITIONING
40
Q

STRATEGIC TIMES OF THE YEAR FOR DEWORMING

A
  • WHEN OVERWINTERING AND FEW PARASITES
  • WHEN OVERSUMMERING AND FEW PARASITES
  • WHEN AT THE PEAK OF SEASON
    • when u have lots of parasites and u will be trying to reduce pasture contamination
    • N.B IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE SPECIFIC PARASITE YOU ARE DEALING WITH, GEOGRAPHIC AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION
      *
41
Q

THIS DRUG SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN TO GOATS FOR FIRST 3 WEEKS OF PREG.

A

ALBENDAZOLE

42
Q

BEST WAY TO INCREASE EFFICACY OF BZDOLES

A
  • HOLD OFF FEED FOR BETTER EFFICACY
  • MULTIPLE DOSE TO INCREASE EFFICACY
43
Q

WHICH WORMS ARE KILLED BY BZDOLES

A

THE SPECTRUM INCLUDES MONEZIA AND GIARDIA

44
Q

LIST THE MEMBRANE DEPOLIRISER ANTIHELMINTICS

A
  • IMIDAZOTHAZOLES (LEVAMISOLE)
  • TETRAHYDROPYRAMIDINES
45
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF IMIDAZOTHALES (LEVAMIZOLE)

A
  • IT IS A MEMBRANE DEPOLIRISING DRUG
    • safe in preg. animals except goats in last 3 weeks
    • nt for debilitated animals
46
Q

chacteristics of tetrahydropyramidines

A
  • memebrane depolirisers
    • broad spec.
    • very safe in preg. animals
    • less resistance developed
47
Q

parasites killed by ivermectins

A
  • nematodes and arthropods
  • hypobiotic larva
    • oral for sheep and goats
    • pour on poor for sr
    • long half lyf –persistent activity
48
Q

disadvantages of ivermectin

A
  • pour on bioavailability is poor for sr
  • kills dung beetle
49
Q

ad n dis of FEC

A

MORE ACCURATE BUT TIME CONSUMING

50
Q

WHAT IS FUGANDITY

A

DO U HAVE INCREASE IN EGG COUNT OR NOT

51
Q

CS OF PARASITE INFECTION IN CATTLE

A
  • YOUNG ANIMALS–ILL THRIFT TO SERIOUS DZ AND DEATH
  • APPETITE SUPPESSION
  • DIARRHOEA
  • HYPOPROTEINEMIA (APPETITE N PROTEIN LOSS INTO GI)
52
Q

MAIN PARASITES WHICH AFFECT CATTLE

A

OSTERTAGIA (obomasum) -most common in cattle

COOPERIA–very sensitive to developing resistance

hemonchus placei

trichostrongyi

oesophagostomum

nematodirus

53
Q

which stage of larva is infective

A

L3

54
Q

WHEN DO LARVA BECOME SEXUALLY MATURE

A

2-4 WKS OF INGESTION OF L3

55
Q

IN WHICH STAGE DOES LARVAE GET ARRESTED

A

L4

56
Q

which parasite develops an infective l3 within the egg before it hatches

A

nematodirus

57
Q

which parasite develops infective l1 within the egg which only hatches post ingestion

A

trichuris

58
Q

how long does truchuris take to develop sexually mature adults

A

8 wks

has longer cycle

59
Q

which climates have worms yr round

A

subtropical

60
Q

this parasites contaminate the pasture for 12 mnths post egg deposition

A
  • cooperia and nematodirus
  • insignificant after 24 mnths
61
Q

for how long does ostartagia contaminate and infect the pasture

A
  • 14 mnths( nt as sign. amounts)
    • it is big in cattle
    • also caleed telosagia
62
Q

discuss the characteristics of worms in warmer climates

A
  • peak pasture populations in late spring to early summer
  • l4 over summer
  • resume dev in fall
63
Q

discuss characteristics of worms in northern temperate climates

A

peak pasture populations in summer and early fall

l4 overwinter

resume development in spring

64
Q

where do u find ostertagia ostertagi

A
  • larva develop in the lumen of the gastric glands of obomasum
65
Q

lesions of o. ostertagi

A
  • hyperplasia and intense eosinophilia infiltration
  • infection in calves elevated peripheral eosinophilia and dec. lymphocytes ounts
  • moroccan leather
66
Q

discuss pathophysiology of o. ostertagi in forming moroccan leather

A
  • mucosal gland cells lose differentiation–dnt fxn well
  • cell junctions weakens–becomes leaky
  • albumen lost into lumen
  • parietal cells becomes dysfundtional
  • alkalinity stimulates overproduction of gastrin
  • pH>5: pepsinogen nt converted, pepsinogen accumulates and gets into blood via permable cell junction
67
Q

discuss type 1 ostertagisis

A

found in less than 18 mnths cattle

young animals that you release for the first time to graze and end up getting loads of the parasite

68
Q

discuss type 2 ostertagi

A

found in 2-4 yrs cattle

following second grazing season

really cs dispite continued ingestion of infective larvae

prevention n therapy focused on directed at the yun grazing stock

after 3 yrs they start to get it less

69
Q

cs of type ostergiasis

A

rapid acquisition of large # of larvae

complete lyf cycle in 3 wks

appetite suppression

found in temperate areas= fall

70
Q

cs of o.ostertagi

A
  • arrested larvae and active adults together
  • hypobiosis releasesd larvae develop after first grazing period
  • intermittent profuse watery dxa, thirst,anorexia, ill thrift n hypoproteinemia
  • fever, anemia n bottle jaw
  • temperate regions cx in late spring
71
Q

ich worm produces cs similiar to ostertagi

A

trichostrongylus axei produces local n systemic changes similiar to ostertagi

72
Q

which parasite induces tissue changes and reduce feed intake

A

cooperia

easy to get resistnace

73
Q

this parasite induce tissue structural n functional abnormalities

A

oesophagostomum radiatum

cause

anemia, hypotortinemia dxa, anorexia, wt loss

food animal (4 decks)

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