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gross anatomy unit 2 > the neck > Flashcards

the neck Flashcards

1
Q

attachment sites for muscles and soft structures above and anterior

A

mandible

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2
Q

attachment sites for muscles and soft structures above and lateral

A

mastoid and styloid processes

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3
Q

attachment sites for muscles and soft structures above and psoterior

A

occipital bone, external occipital protuberance

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4
Q

attachment sites for muscles and soft structures inferior

A

the sternum (manubrium) and clavicle

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5
Q

attachment sites for muscles and soft structures inferior and posterior

A

spinous processes and transverse processes of cervical vertebra

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6
Q

anterior of the neck

A

“plumbing and wiring”

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7
Q

blood vessels of the neck

A

carotid arteries, jugular veins, vertebral arteries

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8
Q

nerves of the neck

A

vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, phrenic nerve, sympathetic trunk, spinal cord

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9
Q

glands of the neck

A

thyroid, parathyroid, submandibular

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10
Q

investing fascia

A

surrounds the entire neck; it is an extension of the deep fascia on the most external muscles, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

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11
Q

carotid sheath

A

deep to the investing fascia; surrounds the carotid artery, jugular vein, and vagus nerve on each side

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12
Q

how does the internal carotid artery enter the skull

A

via the opening to the carotid canal

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13
Q

how do the vagus nerve and the jugular vein leave the skull

A

via the adjacent jugular foramen

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14
Q

what do the pretracheal fascia and buccopharyngeal fascia surround

A

the pharynx and larynx and their continuations as the trachea and esophogus; this facia also encloses the thyroid gland

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15
Q

preverterbral fascia

A

covers the vertebral column and its associated muscles

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16
Q

alar fascia location

A

between the buccopharyngeal and prevertebral fascias

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17
Q

retropharyngeal space location

A

lies behind teh buccopharyngeal fascia

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18
Q

“danger space”

A

the space behind the alar fascia; is continuous with the mediastinum and can allow the spread of infection (upper respiratory infections in children, abscessed teeth) from the pharynx into the thorax

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19
Q

number of cerviccal vertebra

A

7

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20
Q

features of vertebra 3-7

A 
small body (relatively less weight to support than in remainder of column)
large vertebral canal (accomodates a large spinal cord cross-section containing fibers going to all the rest of the body; also a wide range of movement of the neck)
transverse foraminae in the transverse processes allow passage of the vertebral arteries
bifid (double-tipped) spinous processes form additional attachemtn area for back muscles
spinous processes are linked by the strong ligament of the neck (ligamentum nuchae)
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21
Q

second vertebra

A

the axis

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22
Q

axis features

A

relatively heavy body a prominent “tooth” or dens (odontoid process); the dens has facets for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas (anteriorly) and its transverse ligament (posteriorly).

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23
Q

shaking of head “no”

A

dens facets for articulation on the anterior arch and transverse ligament of the axis

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24
Q

first vertebra

A

atlas (the god who holds up the world); it has no body, but has lateral masses and anterior and posterior arches

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25
Q

anterior arch of the atlas

A

has a facet for articulation with the axis, allowing rotation of the head around a vertical axis (shaking your head no)

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26
Q

nodding yes

A

facets of the atlas articulate with the occipital condyles to allow flexion-extension of the head

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27
Q

posterior arch of the atlas

A

has grooves for the vertebral arteries that pass upward through the foramen magnum

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28
Q

function of posterior back muscles

A

stabilize and extend the vertebral column

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29
Q

where does the trapezius attach

A

to the inion (external occipital protuberance), the spine of the scapula and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae

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30
Q

what is deep to the trapezius

A

the rhomboids, major and minor, and levator scapulae

superfical layer of deep back muscles, called erector spinae; these hold the head up and resist flexion of the cervical vertebral column

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31
Q

medial to lateral points of attachment of the erector spinae

A

spinous processes, transverse processes, and the angles of the ribs

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32
Q

where are the spinalis and semispinalis captitis attached

A

to the spinous processes

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33
Q

where is longissims (longest) attached

A

to the transverse processes

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34
Q

where are the iliocostalis attached

A

to the rib angles

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35
Q

where does the semispinalis cpaitis insert?

A

on the occiput between the superior and inferior nuchal lines

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36
Q

deep to the erector spinae

A

transversospinalis muscles that lie in the groove between the spinous and transverse processes; these are semispinalis, multifundus and rotatores (from superficial to deep)

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37
Q

splenius (bandage) location

A

is superfical to semispinalis captisi and run upward and lateralyl to attach to spinous processes, the superior nuchael line and the mastoid processes

38
Q

how do splenius fibers run

A

nearly at a right angle to the upper fibers of trapezius that overlie it

39
Q

longus colli (long muscles of the neck) location and attachment

A

on the anterior side of the vertebral column, attaching to vertebral bodies

40
Q

muscles that allow you to bow your head (flex the vertebral column anteriorly and laterally)

A

longus colli

41
Q

suboccipital triangle location

A

lies just inferior to the occipital bone; lies deep and inferior to the attachment of the semisplinalis capitis

42
Q

where do the muscles of the suboccipital triangle attach

A

to the bony points on the atlas, axis, and occiput

43
Q

suboccipital triangle muscles

A

4 muscles on each side; rectus muscles are more medial, while the oblique muscles are more lateral; rectus capitis posterior minor extends from the posterior tubercle fo the atlast o the inferior nuchal line; rectus capitis posterior major extends from the spinous process of the axis to the infeiror nuchal line; obliquus capitis inferior extends from the spinous process of the axis to the transverse process of the atlas; obliquus capitis superior extends from the transverse process of the atlas to the occipital bone between the nuchal lines

44
Q

upward part of nodding your head “yes”; rotate the skull around a horizontal axis by causing sliding at the atlanto-occipital joints

A

contraction of obliquus captitis superior

45
Q

contraction of onliquus captiis inferior

A

will rotate the skull and atlas on a vertical axis at the atlanto-axial joint (shaking your head “no”)

46
Q

greater occipital nerve (C2)

A

cutaneous nerve that emerges at the inferior border of obliquus capitis inferiror; it then passes superficial to the triangle and through the semispinalis muscle to reach the skin and supply it

47
Q

suboccipital nerve (C1)

A

also contained in the suboccipital traingle; the nerve supplies the msucles of the triangle, but has no cutanoues distrubtion

48
Q

vertebral artery

A

lies deep to the muscles on its way to the foramen magnum

49
Q

stermocleidomastoid muscle (or just sternomastoid)

A

attaches to the mastoid process and the sternum; an additional head attaches to the clavicle

50
Q

location of facial expression mucles

A

lie in the superficial fascia and attach to this fascia as well as to the bones

51
Q

motor innervation for facial expression muscles

A

facial nerve, cranial nerve VII

52
Q

visceral tube

A

in the anterior portion of the neck; contains a visceral tube, consisting of the pharynx, larynx, trachea and esophagus whose vertical position is controlled by a set of muscles

53
Q

hyoid bone

A

U shape; opening posteriorly; it has a body, two lesser horns, and two greater horns for attachments of muscles; it has no joints with any other bone

54
Q

where is the hyoid bone attached

A

it’s attached to the thyroid cartilage via the thyrohyoid ligament; therefore, controlling the vertical position of the hyoid bone also controls the vertical position of the thyroid cartilage, and with it the positions of the pharynx and larynx

55
Q

posterior belly of the digastric muscles

A

attaches to the digastric groove ont eh medial side of the mastoid process, and is supplied by the facial nerve

56
Q

anterior belly attaches to the inside of the mandible at the digastric fossa

A

supplied by the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3: a convenient mnemonic for this motor branch is MAST MATT, for muscles of MASTication plus mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor tympani (tensor of the eardrum) and tensor veli palatini (tensor of the soft palate)

57
Q

tendon between anterior and posterior digastric muscles

A

attached to the hyoid bone via a sling in the tendon of the sylohyoid muscle

58
Q

stylohyoid muscle

A

is attached to the styloid process of the skull and to the hyoid bone; like the posterior digastric muscle, the stylohyoid muscle is innervated by the facial nerve; this processes, the attachment sites for these muscles

59
Q

mylohyoid muscle

A

attaches to the mylohyoid line of the mandible and to the hyoid bone; its fibers run medial-lateral; it is innervated by teh motor root of the cranial nerve V3

60
Q

when the digastrics, stylohyoid and mylohyoid contract

A

the hyoid bone is lifted up and presses the tongue upward against the hard palate

61
Q

strap muscles

A

below they hyoid; pull the hyoid bone downward; all are named for their attachments

62
Q

omohyoid muscle

A

two-bellied muscle attaching the hyoid to the scapula just medial to the scapular notch (“omo means shoulder); it also pulls the hyoid bone downward

63
Q

geniohyoid

A

runs anteriorly from the hyoid to the genial tubercle on the inside of the mandible; this muscle is part of the floor of the mouth, which supports the tongue

64
Q

innervation of strap muscles

A

from C1-C3; the nerves form a loop that looks like the handle of a pitcher (ansa), so it is called the ansa cervicalis; it is located just lateral to the internal jugular vein; fibers of C1 travel with the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), then form the superior limb of the ansa; fibers from C2 and C3 form the inferior limb; fibers that leave the loop to supply the sternohyoid, omohyoid, and sternothyroid msucles (SOS)

65
Q

uppermost strap muscles

A

thyrohyoid and geniogyoid; innervated by branches of C1 that travel with CN XII but are not part of the ansa

66
Q

where do the strap mucles lie

A

between the investing fascia and the pretracheal fascia

67
Q

thryoid gland lcoation

A

anterior to the trachea below the thyroid cartilage

68
Q

thyroid gland

A

consists of two lobes conencted by an isthmus across the midline; the thyroid is supplied with blood by the superior thyroid artery, the first branch of the external cartotid artery and the inferior thyroid artery from the thyrocervical trunk, in turn a branch of the subclavian artery; the gland is drained by superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

69
Q

parathyroid glands

A

on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the parathyroid glands, two on each side, generally one superior and one inferior; parathyroid glands can’t be identified in cadavers

70
Q

carotid sheath

A

encloses the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve; lateral to the pretracheal fascia

71
Q

common carotid artery

A

divides into the internal and external occipital arteries; the internal carotid goes upward to the carotid canala dn supplies the brain; the external carotid has a number of branches named for the areas they supply

72
Q

larger branches of the external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid, lingual (to tongue), facial (to face), maxillary (structures associated with the maxilla), superficial temporal (skin of temples)

73
Q

smaller branches of the external carotid artery

A

ascending pharyngeal (to pharynx), occipital (to skin of occiput

74
Q

thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery

A

usually arises more medially and has branches that supply the thyroid gland and neck

75
Q

vertebra artery

A

runs upward through the transverse formaina of the vertebrae to supply the posterior brain

76
Q

internal thoracic artery

A

runs downward on the inside of the ribs close to the sternum;

77
Q

the costocervical trunk

A

usually arises more laterally; its branches supply cervical muscles and the upper intercostal spaces

78
Q

the internal jugular vein

A

leaves the skull via the jugular foramen and receives the facial and retromandibular veins as wellas the superiod thyroid vein; exact pattern varies from one person to antoher; internal jugular vein lies internal (deep to) the sternomastoid muscle

79
Q

lymph drainage

A

typically follows venous drainage

80
Q

deep cervical lymph nodes

A

lie along the internal jugular vein and drain the face, mouth, and tongue

they are named for their location, either the area or for the muscle crossing the internal jugular

81
Q

the jugulo-omohyoid node

A

receives lymph from the tongue

82
Q

lymph from the body (axillary nodes on the right, the throacic duct on the left)

A

enters the venous system at the junction between the subclavian vein and the internal jugular vein

83
Q

the phrenic nerve

A

carries somatic innervation from C3 to C5 to the diaphragm, a skeletal muscle (C#,4,5 keeps your diaphragm alive); the phrenic nerve lies anterior to the anterior scalene muscle and is “bound down” to it by branches of the thyrocervical trunk

84
Q

pharynx and larynx

A

are innervated by branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves; the vagus nerve carries somatic motor fibers to the pharynx and larynx; the latter are given off as the superior and recurrent larygeal nerves; the vagus also carries parasympathetic and sensory supply to the thorax (heart, lungs) and abdomen (derivatives of the foregut and midgut)

85
Q

glossopharyngeal nerves

A

the sensory nerve of the pharynx; it also supplies the posterior 1/3 of the tongue with taste and general sensation, and innervates the carotid body and carotid sinus; these measure O2 and CO2 content of the blood and blood pressure, respectively

86
Q

sympathetic chain

A

typically lies just anterior to or embedded in the prevertebral fascia; it receives input from T1-T4 via white rami communicantes; synapses occur in the cervical ganglia and postgnaglionic fibers travel with all the blood vessels to regulate blood flow in teh vessesl

87
Q

postganglionic nerves

A

from the superior cervical ganglion travel with branches of the internal and external carotid arteries to regulate blood supply to the brain and the face; the other ganglia are must less prominent; postganglionic nerves from these ganglia control blood supply to structures in the limb and upper thorax

88
Q

anterior triangle

A

anterior to sternmastoid, contains: submental traingle, digastric triangle, carotid triangle, muscular triangle

89
Q

submental triangle

A

ant. jugular vein, submental lymph nodes

90
Q

digastric triangle

A

submandibular gland, lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, facial artery and vein

91
Q

carotid triangle

A

carotid artery and bifurcation, vagus nerve, hypoglossal nerve

92
Q

muscular triangle

A

strap muscles, thyroid and parathyroid glands

gross anatomy unit 2 (8 decks)

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